Asylum and Immigration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asylum and Immigration Law - Essay Example Some of the reasons mentioned by these legal brains include the need for economic protection. Even in the light of the fact that rules that limit the movement of people from one country to another remain, there also remain the need for people to be trans-bordered once a while without going through the laid down procedure2. One condition that creates this legal exemption is the issue of asylum seeking. This paper discusses the Humanitarian Aims of the 1951 Geneva Convention and how the aims have been upheld by countries over the years – particularly the United Kingdom. Background to the Humanitarian Aims of the 1951 Geneva Convention In the year 2001, the world celebrated 50 years of passing the Status of Refugees through the 1951 Geneva Convention. Legal analysts note the humanitarian needs that accompanied the need for the convention. In the first place, Mason (2009) notes that there was a humanitarian need for the convention because of the increasing rate at which the number of refugees was multiplying the world over. She notes that â€Å"over 30 million â€Å"persons of concern to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees† can still be counted in the world today.3† In the midst of the increasing population of refugees, the fundamental human rights spelt out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDRH) by the United Nations General Assembly of 1948 covers and protect refugees also4. It is for this reason that in 1951; three years after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Geneva Convention sought it prudent to institutionalize policies that protected the basic rights of refugees. Even more, there was the realization by the Geneva Convention to the effect that causes and factors that put people in the state of being refugees were mostly, inevitable, unpredictable and unintentional and thus the need to be empathetic towards the plight of refugees. In this direction, the FAO Corporate Document Repository (2009) states that †Å"as man-made disasters are one of the main causes that force people from their homes, international refugee law, contribute to protect human rights in emergency situations.5† It was indeed with such humanitarian aims that the leaders who met in Geneva in 1951 thought it prudent put together the Geneva Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees6. Overview of the UK Social Welfare System in protecting the rights of Asylum-seekers Even though the social welfare system of the United Kingdom was not structured purposely to cater for asylum seekers alone, the system has a lot of place and representation for asylum seekers; especially based on the core principles on which the system functions. Spicker (2001) quotes Asa Briggs (1961)7 who defines the principles on which the social welfare system of the United Kingdom operates as â€Å"a guarantee of minimum standards, including a minimum income; social protection in the event of insecurity; and the provision of servi ces at the best level possible.8† Since refugees fall under all these three wings of principles, it has become eminent on the United Kingdom Social Welfare System to over the years protect the rights of Asylum seekers. Once present, there are laws and legal reforms binding the United Kingdom government to put in place certain basic conditions and

It is a movie and questions about it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

It is a movie and questions about it - Essay Example Sam has a developmental disability (mental capacity of a 7-year-old), and he is the father of Lucy. As a single parent, he struggles to give Lucy a happy life after the abandonment by her mother. Her mother was a street woman and disappeared immediately after giving birth. In spite of the single parent and disability problem, Sam has friends with developmental disabilities who are very supportive. His neighbor Annie (Dianne West) also takes care of Lucy when the father is busy at work. As Lucy grows, she learns of her father’s mental disability who other kids describe as a retard. During her birthday, policemen take her away, and her father approaches lawyer Rita Harrison. She agrees to help him by taking the case as pro bono. At the last trial, the opposing counsel convinces Sam that he is not a capable father. Lucy is taken away to reside in a foster home that features Randy Carpenter as her mother. Lucy escapes from the foster home several times at night to her fatherâ€⠄¢s house. As the movie comes to the end, the family takes the girl back to her father and promises to help offer help in raising the kid. The movie prominently features two family members; Sam and Lucy. Sam is the loving father of Lucy. Although he has a disability, he works very hard at Starbucks cafà © to provide for his daughter’s needs. His efforts to have a decent life see him obtain a new job of taking care of dogs. He is a loving man and does everything beyond his abilities to get his daughter back. He has an outgoing personality that has earned him some mentally challenged friends. Besides, Sam is full of determination and does not allow the disability to define his personality. In spite of the disability, he is determined to be the best father to Lucy. Lucy is the only child of Sam. She was born out of Sam’s relationship with Rebecca, a street woman. Just like her father, Lucy is a loving girl and goes against

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has killed more than half a million people in the United States, a comprehensive public health approach that has stopped other epidemics has not been used to address this one. When HIV infection first emerged among stigmatized populations (homosexual men, injection-drug users, and immigrants from developing countries), the discriminatory responses ranged from descriptions of AIDS as retribution to violence and proposals for quarantine, universal mandatory testing, and even tattooing of infected persons. This response led to HIV exceptionalism, an approach that advocated both for special resources and increased funding and against the application of standard methods of disease control.1 The need for extra resources remains essential, but the failure to apply standard disease-control methods undermines societys ability and responsibility to control the epidemic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, given the availability of drugs that can effectively treat HIV infection and progress on antidiscrimination initiatives, perhaps society is ready to adopt traditional disease-control principles and proven interventions that can identify infected persons, interrupt transmission, ensure treatment and case management, and monitor infection and control efforts throughout the population (Table 1). Doing so will have political and economic costs. The political costs include offending both sides of the political establishment: conservatives who oppose the implementation of effective prevention programs, including syringe exchange and the widespread availability of condoms, and some HIV activists who oppose expansion of testing, notification of the partners of infected persons (also known as partner counseling and referral services), and what some see as inappropriate medicalization of the response to the epidemic. The economic costs, particularly to improve population-w ide case management and notification of partners, would be substantial. But the human and economic costs of failing to adopt a comprehensive public health approach are much higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Table 1. Comparison of Public Health Approach to HIV Infection and Other Infectious Diseases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have identified and elucidated the biology of the virus, established and improved diagnostic tests, and created effective drugs and care systems that have reduced the number of deaths from AIDS in the United States by 70 percent since 1995.2 However, 25 years into the epidemic, progress is stalled. The number of deaths among people with AIDS has not declined since 1998, and the number of newly diagnosed cases is rising slightly.2 Disease transmission continues at the same or, possibly, a slightly higher rate.3 High-risk behavior remains common and is increasing in some groups. Late diagnosis of infection is common.3 Notification of the partners of infected persons is rare.4 Black and Latino patients are less likely than white patients to receive optimal care.5 Few patients in care receive counseling about preventing transmission of the virus.6 All these trends are apparent in New York City, which is home to one in six of all U.S. patients with AIDS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case Finding and Surveillance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When HIV testing became available 20 years ago in the absence of treatment and in the context of discrimination, the use of prescriptive regulations mandating counseling and separate written consent, based largely on the genetic-counseling model of testing for untreatable conditions, was reasonable. Today, the existence of these regulations and the separation of counseling and testing from routine medical care result in missed opportunities to diagnose, treat, and stop the spread of HIV infection. Nearly half of black men tested in public venues where men who have sex with men congregate (e.g., bars, bathhouses, and parks) in 2004 and 2005 were HIV-positive, and two thirds of those who were positive were unaware of their status.7 Our outdated approach to HIV screening means that we not only fail to identify infected patients promptly and thus allow the epidemic to continue to spread, but we may also perpetuate HIV-related stigma by targeting screening only to those pe rceived to be at risk. Routine, voluntary HIV testing in health care settings, although advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for more than a decade,8 widely recommended,9 and cost-effective,10 has not occurred. In New York City in 2002, only one third of adults who had had three or more sex partners in the preceding year and only half of men who had sex with men who had had three or more partners had been tested for HIV in the previous 18 months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early diagnosis is essential both to link patients to effective care and to prevent the spread of infection. The CDC estimates that more than half of new HIV infections are spread by HIV-positive people who are unaware they are infected.11 In nearly 40 percent of persons who received a diagnosis of HIV infection, AIDS either was concurrently diagnosed or developed within a year.3 They had been infected with HIV for about a decade; health care and other institutions missed many opportunities to diagnose their infection. As a result of delayed diagnosis, such patients are sicker when they begin to receive care and will thus die sooner than those whose infection is diagnosed promptly. Many unwittingly spread HIV to their spouses, partners, and others. Once they know their diagnosis, people infected with HIV reduce their practice of high-risk sex by about half,12 and the risk of heterosexual transmission, at least, is further reduced by treatment that decreases the viral load to below 1500 copies of HIV type 1 RNA per milliliter.13 Voluntary HIV screening and linkage to care should become a normal part of medical practice, similar to screening for other treatable conditions, such as high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Screening and linkage to care are especially important in communities with a high prevalence of HIV infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The partners of more than two thirds of people with newly diagnosed HIV infection do not receive organized partner notification, and when contact is attempted, the rate of success varies greatly.4 The notification of partners by public health counselors is more effective than notification by individual patients,14 but this approach is rare in most areas. As a result, most partners are not notified of their exposure or offered testing, contributing to late diagnosis and continued spread of HIV. Of 4312 persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection in New York City in 2003, information on these persons partners was available for less than a fifth and testing results were confirmed for fewer than 200 partners. In addition, the policy of offering partner notification only at the time of diagnosis ignores the continuing high-risk sexual behavior of many HIV-positive persons. Systematic notification of partners by public health personnel and the use of newer antibody or nuclei c acid-amplification tests in addition to traditional methods could identify social networks and acute or early HIV infections and could potentially stop clusters of transmission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interrupting Transmission   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The application of the public health principles of near-universal screening and treatment has all but eliminated transfusion-related and perinatal transmission of HIV.3 Among injection-drug users, syringe-exchange programs and widespread voluntary screening for the virus reduced the rate of transmission by 50 to 80 percent.15 Further progress in preventing HIV infection is possible interventions to change behavior work16,17,18,19 but reducing sexual transmission is challenging. Evidence-based ways to reduce high-risk behavior include promoting the use of condoms and making free condoms widely available,16,19 including in schools20; making clean needles readily available to people who inject illicit drugs21; and community interventions.19   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Condoms, which can substantially reduce transmission,16,22 are not widely available nor is their use strongly promoted, and they are still used infrequently in high-risk sexual encounters.23 Most injection-drug users in the United States continue to use nonsterile needles.24 Until recently in New York City, condom-distribution programs were limited, even in high-risk settings, and several neighborhoods in need of syringe-exchange services were not served by these programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic Treatment and Case Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standard public health approaches that have either not been applied or been applied inconsistently to HIV prevention and control efforts include public health monitoring to ensure that all HIV-infected patients receive quality care, providing public health support through referrals and outreach for patients who are not receiving effective treatment, monitoring of CD4 cell counts and viral loads to identify patients who may be candidates for treatment or who are lost to care, and assisting clinicians with outreach and partner notification. Although HIV infection remains incurable, AIDS is now a chronic disease for those fortunate enough to receive effective treatment. The use of effective treatment that incorporates risk-reduction counseling,25 including distribution of condoms, promotion of the use of condoms and clean needles, and treatment for substance abuse and mental health conditions, would improve individual treatment outcomes and reduce disease transmission, b ut it is uncommon.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case management is prominent in the HIV service delivery system, yet few if any jurisdictions ensure that every patient is offered effective treatment and prevention services. Public health interventions to monitor and improve HIV case management can be effective26 but are rare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Population-Based Monitoring and Evaluation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It took nearly two decades to make HIV reportable throughout the United States, and named reporting is still not universal. Although information on CD4 cell counts and viral loads is collected in most jurisdictions, monitoring these data to determine patients progress is rare. Surveillance for drug-resistant strains of virus in patients who have never been treated is generally not conducted. Information on viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and drug resistance recently became reportable in New York State, thus making it possible to identify patients who are not receiving effective care, monitor trends in drug resistance, potentially identify clusters of disease, and potentially provide physicians and their patients who are not receiving care with more intensive services. Publicly funded case management, treatment, and service systems are not effectively coordinated to ensure a continuum of care. Effective population-based monitoring and evaluation would track not only the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV infection, but also indicators of the interruption of transmission, such as the use of voluntary testing, proportion of partners notified, linkage to care of those who test positive, and success at reducing viral load when treatment is clinically indicated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spread of HIV could be reduced substantially if newly infected people promptly learned of their status, reduced high-risk behaviors, and when clinically indicated, began and continued treatment that suppresses viral replication. But few if any jurisdictions even attempt to monitor whether all HIV-infected people receive effective treatment, let alone intervene to provide additional support when patients do not start, discontinue, or do not respond well to treatment. New York City, which has one of the nations strongest case-management infrastructures, has no systematic citywide information available on whether patients have begun, are continuing, or have a virologic response to treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proven interventions, such as the use of condoms, clean needles, and expanded voluntary screening, and linkage to care, could prevent most HIV infections.27 Improving community-based efforts and counseling of individual patients to prevent transmission, supporting patients to facilitate their return to care, and improving the availability of effective treatment could further reduce transmission. But 25 years into the epidemic, we do not consistently apply these proven strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost-effective programs include mass-media education campaigns, efforts to make condoms widely available, and interventions to change high-risk behavior in groups with a high prevalence of HIV infection.19 Routine, voluntary screening for HIV is indicated on the basis of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness,10 and the cost is moderate, as compared with that of many other health interventions. Notification of an infected persons partners after counseling and testing prevents infections and probably saves money.28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the current CDC estimate of 40,000 new HIV infections per year, the potential to prevent half to two thirds of these infections, and the current average lifetime cost of care for a patient with HIV infection of $200,000,29 more effective epidemic control would save between $4 billion and $5.4 billion per year. Widespread availability of condoms, syringe-exchange programs, public health notification of the partners of infected persons, and improvement of case management and monitoring systems would be unlikely to cost more than an additional $1 billion to $2 billion per year nationally two to three times the current CDC funding for HIV prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlling epidemics is a fundamental responsibility of the government, working in concert with physicians, patients, and communities. There is a delicate balance between protecting the public and the individual right to privacy. Until we implement prevention programs with proven efficacy more widely, make voluntary screening and linkage to care a normal part of medical care and expand screening in community settings, and improve treatment, risk reduction, monitoring, and partner notification, we will continue to miss opportunities to reduce the spread of HIV infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some religious and political groups oppose the use of effective prevention measures. Some advocacy groups oppose expansion of screening and funding of government programs for prevention and control of HIV infection. Some doctors, health care facilities, and organizations will oppose increased monitoring of treatment efficacy; moreover, this cannot be accomplished without additional resources. There are few models for this approach, although Malawi has begun to apply public health principles to testing, treatment, and monitoring.30 Although stigma and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation continue, advocacy has resulted in substantial progress, including antidiscrimination statutes in many states and increasing numbers of jurisdictions that recognize the rights of domestic partners. The world has changed in the past 25 years, and approaches to HIV prevention must also change. If we fully apply public health principles to the HIV epidemic, we can improve the health of people living with HIV infection and prevent tens of thousands of people in this country from becoming infected with HIV in the next decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are indebted to Drew Blakeman for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and to Colin McCord and Mark Barnes for helpful comments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Source Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York.

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Oates Essay -- Literary An

For centuries, society has placed a remarkably large emphasis on protecting the young from the many perceived errors of growing up. Effective sex education is resisted in many locations across the country in favor of somewhat comical biblical suggestions for abstinence until marriage even while the majority of those targeted teens are viewing the world as a more and more sexual place. So many views are weaving in and out of teenagers' newly formed adolescent minds that any effective argument for responsible attitudes or analysis of sexual behavior in teens should be expressed with a certain minimal degree of clarity. Unfortunately, this essential lucidity of advice is missing in the short story â€Å"Where are You Going, Where Have You Been,† in which the misguided Joyce Carol Oates creates the character of Arthur Friend as a clichà © personification of the inner demon of uncontrollably budding sexuality. Instead, the murky characterization of the antagonist presents nothing more than a confused and ambiguous view of the meaning of the story. According to popular belief, the character in question, Arthur Friend, is essentially the devil, or if not the fiend himself, a reasonable symbolic facsimile that serves to represent a similarly sinister aspect of society. There’s such a plethora of textual evidence to support this analysis that it’s often skipped over in discussions in favor of more â€Å"thought provoking† conversation. However, the demonic illustration of A. Friend is so present in the story that to skip it would be to unforgivably neglect an integral part of the story. In nearly every detail of description resides a sometimes insidious demonic allusion. The physical appearance being the most present, it describes Arthur as a man beh... ...ert explanation of the character, the audience would be able to see that Arnold meant exactly what she intended him to mean, and then could move onto the next aspect of the story. This would have cleared up the audience disconnect that currently remains present in her painfully dense story. Her choice to veil her main antagonist with so much symbolism hindered the reader’s ability to understand her story, thereby hurting any intended effect the story was to have. Works Cited Nmachiavelli, et al. â€Å"Question: What do the numbers 33, 19, 17 signify in the story? They are written along the side of Arnold Friend’s car.† Enotes.com. Enotes.com, Inc., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2010. . Oates, Joyce Carol. Where are You Going, Where Have You Been? N.p.: Epoch, 1966. N. pag. Print.

Tobacco Smoking Among Teenagers: Issues and Remedies

SAMPLE OF ESSAY CIVIL ENGINEERING (100L) GST 113(philosophy and human existence) Review of the chapter one (1) of olusegun oladipo (thinking about philosophy) Philosophy is not easy to define because it is difficult to identify the subject matter of it, on like biology, political science and so on. Also we cannot say philosophical method, the way we talk of scientific method. But according to the preface of the book, philosophy is an intellectual Endeavour to acquire self knowledge.Three questions comes to mind and best summarize the intellectual Endeavour called philosophy, 1) formulation or construction of world view, 2) critical thinking and, 3) the rational, but non-scientific, quest for understanding. PHILOSOPHY AS WORLD VIEW – These are not arbitrary statement or products of fantasy. Rather they are products of reflection and speculation, which most people take for granted in their everyday lives. According to G. Chatalian, he conceived philosophy â€Å"essentially as t he pursuit of wisdom† and consequently, â€Å"the search for the guide to life. For a genuine philosopher, two things are required in this view, they are; Insight and Commitment to human well-being. Considering the handbook of Epictetus, 1) believing that what you have is yours and what you don’t have is on its own, you will have no enemies, life will go easy. 2) Do not seek life to go your own way instead let it happen as do happen and life will be easy. PHILOSOPHY AS CRITICAL THINKING – This entails that human knowledge is always partial.If this is the case then the best intellectual attitude is that which does not take any believe or assumption for granted, but is ready to examine the grounds for the validation of a belief or opinion that is presented as being true or possible. It is this attitude that the philosophical activities of critical thinking promotes. THE ENTERPRISE OF PHILOSOPHER – According to Dilthey, â€Å"the philosophic spirit† i s both critical and reconstructive. Philosophers use or dominate their expertise by addressing certain questions, typically called philosophical questions.These questions are beyond the scope of specific areas of knowledge. The primary goal of philosopher in addressing these questions is, in the manner of Socrates. Thus, philosophy is a kind of a rational inquiry that begins in doubt and ends in the generation of beliefs. TOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY – LANGUAGE and LOGIC are the two key tools of philosophy. According to A. J. Ayer’s point, language is the means to the achievement of the kind of clarity of thought without which the philosophical enterprise can hardly succeed language matters in philosophy because much of what philosophers do involves conceptual elucidation.Logic also matters in the enterprise because much of philosophy has to do with providing good reasons for our view or positions. Secondly it is important because philosophers are generally concerns with the lo gical assessment of arguments. USE OF PHILOSOPHY – â€Å"Elevation† of mankind. The elevation as used in the context can be defined in terms of; enlightenment, open-mindedness, breading of sensibility and so on.Also, it stimulates people to think about the basic problems of existence as they affect them as individuals and as social collectives. PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT – philosophy has a very importance role to play in the production, clarification and propagation of the ideas and values guiding the thought and life of people. Also it promotes the kind of self understanding that would provide some basic for determining the kind of social-cultural that will enable Africans with the challenges of contemporary life.

Food Habits Assignment

Marking Sheet for HSN 101 Food Habits Assignment Criteria| Poor (N)| Fair (P)| Good (C)| Very Good (D)| Excellent (HD)| Mark assigned | | 0-1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | 1. Introduction (total 5 marks)Assignment explanation clear and accurateRelevant background information discussedDescription of aim accurate and appropriate| Additional comments| | 2. Questions to answers about the Food and Diet Questionnaire (Q1-6, total 52 marks)Questions answered appropriately according to instructionsDemonstrates understanding of causes of eating behaviours and their application | 0-25| 26-31| 32-36| 37-41| 42-52| | | Additional comments| | . Questions to answers about the Food Frequency Questionnaire (Q7-11, total 28 marks)Questions answered appropriately according to instructionsJustifies answer appropriately, demonstrating understanding of relevant concepts| 0-13| 14-16| 17-19| 20-22| 23-28| | | Additional comments| | 4. Summary (total 5 marks)Succinct and accurate. | 0-1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | Additional commen ts| | 5.Referencing, Clarity & Presentation (total 10 marks)Clearly written, with correct English spelling/ grammar & subsections following format of questionUse of 5 or more appropriate referencesVancouver style appropriately used in text and reference list Questionnaires filled out accurately and assignment submitted according to instructions Inclusion & adherence to word count. (i. e. 1500 Â ± 10%, only first 1650 words will be marked) | 0-4| 5| 6| 7| 8-10| | | Additional comments| | | Total of above| |No of days overdue| 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Final Mark| Penalty (deducted as % of total value of assignment (100 marks), per faculty policy)| Nil | -10%| -15%| -20%| -25%| -30%| | HSN101 Food: Nutrition, Culture, and Innovation Food Habits Assignment Name: Monelle Mondello Student ID: 213157555 Word Count: Introduction This assignment explores the various factors that influence my eating habits. I currently train four days a week, which involves high-intensity strength training specific to body-building and power lifting.I am also currently trying to achieve a body fat percentage of 14%, therefore I must Food and Diet Questionnaire Questions 1 & 2 in the Food and Diet Questionnaire ask about shopping for food and cooking meals. How would your diet change if your answer to these questions changed? Please explain. I do my own food shopping and cooking as I follow a strict diet plan and prefer to be in control of the types of foods I purchase, as well as the cooking methods.If I was no longer responsible for purchasing and cooking my food, I would no longer be able to adhere to the diet plan I choose to follow, as I would not be able to control the individual amounts of food that are used in each meal, and I would most often not agree with the cooking methods chosen, such as the oils chosen for frying. I also place a large importance on the types of produce I purchase, such as organic produce that supports local farmers and is free from pesticides, as well as free ra nge, organic meats for ethical and health reasons.These beliefs always influence my food purchases and I would be forced to compromise them if others were in charge of my food shopping. If the amount of money you spent on food each week doubled, how would this affect the foods you eat? Please explain. I am currently buying the highest quality of food available to me when possible, therefore even if the cost doubled, I would still purchase the same food. However, there are instances where if I am short on money, I will purchase a regular product instead of organic, such as frozen berries, as the cost difference is significant.Therefore I would be sure to always purchase organic, natural, and biodynamic foods. There would be more spent on fresh herbs and products I use to enhance cooking and flavours, such as cocoa powder and certain spices. Overall, the foods eaten would not differ greatly. Question 7 asks you to rate the importance of many food and eating related behaviours. Pick tw o of the behaviours and explain why you answered the way you did. Select behaviours you rate as either ‘very important’ or ‘not important’. You should use references to show whether your belief was correct or not.I do not consider avoiding saturated fat an important aspect Explain reasons why people may choose a vegetarian diet. Question 9 asks you to rate the importance of various factors in deciding your choice of food when shopping. Pick two of the factors that you rated either ‘not important’ or ‘extremely important’. Please explain your answer. I Look at your answers to questions 11-19. Of the answers you have given, please explain which ONE has the most influence on your diet. For example, does your ethnicity determine the type of food you eat, or you living arrangements, or your age etc.?Please explain your answer. Food Frequency Questionnaire How well do you think the food frequency questionnaire captured your usual dietary intake over the past month? Please explain, giving specific food examples that support your explanation. Do you think people who identify with a culture other than your own living in Australia would have similar eating patterns (i. e. chose similar foods) to you? Please explain. How would the types of food you ate change if you had to grow and prepare all the food you eat?Check the foods you eat often in the food frequency questionnaire to use as examples in your answer. How many serves of vegetables do you usually eat each day (question 4 in the FFQ)? How many serves of fruit do you usually eat each day (question 5 in the FFQ)? Comment on your intake compared with the recommendation for your gender and age group. The most recent national survey in Australia found a daily average intake of 3. 4 serves of vegetables and 1. 1 serves of fruit in adults. How do you think this intake could be increased to meet the recommendations? Summary

IB English Language and Literature Paper 1 Stylistic Features Essays

IB English Language and Literature Paper 1 Stylistic Features Essays IB English Language and Literature Paper 1 Stylistic Features Paper IB English Language and Literature Paper 1 Stylistic Features Paper Essay Topic: Literature Allegory A literary work in which the apparent meaning of the characters and events is used to symbolise a deeper moral and spiritual meaning. Allusion A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art Ambiguity An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Analogy Illustrating the subject under discussion by making a parallel comparison Anachronism something or someone out of place in terms of historical or chronological context Anaphora Repetition of the same word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases to create emphasis Anthropomorphism Attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (e.g Queen of hearts) Antithesis A figure of speech in which a thought is balanced with a contrasting thought. Anecdote A short account of an particular situation or incident Apostrophe Where a speaker addresses a person or object that is not alive Archaism Intentional use of a word or expression no longer used to evoke a sense of a bygone era Bias Promoting on specific point of view in a text and deliberately excluding others Connotation Suggestion of a word meaning beyond what it explicitly denotes Cliche A stereotypical expression which is overused Diction Choice of words Ellipsis The omission of words necessary to complete a sentence () or (-) used for dramatic effect, tension, confusion, etc. Enumeration Listing items in order. Euphemism a word or phrase that is used in a place of a more direct term that might be offensive. Exposition Where an author interrupts a story in order to explain something. Figurative Language Any use of language where the intended meaning differs from the actual literal meaning of the words themselves (inc. metaphor, simile, personification, irony, etc) Hyperbole An extremem exaggeration Imagery Words that create a picture in the readers mind Irony A literary device that uses contradictory statements or situations to reveal a reality different from what appears to be true. Oxymoron Two apparently contradictory terms Paradox A statement that appears self-contradictory, but that reveals a kind of truth Parallelism Use of similar or identical language, structures, events or ideas in different parts of a text. Satire The ridicule of something the writer dislikes Sensationalize Describing something in an exaggerated way to shock and engage the reader. Syntax Arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences. Understatement A statement that says less than what is meant Euphony Denotes pleasant, harmonious sound Cacophony Denotes harsh, jarring noise Hypophora Asking a question and then answering it. Tricolon Sentence of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.

Global Leadership essayEssay Writing Service

Global Leadership essayEssay Writing Service Global Leadership essay Global Leadership essayThe paper will focus on cross cultural for Global leaders. Specifically, with regard to global organizations, the paper will also attempt to reconcile the imbalance between global and local concerns by proposing a framework that merges a new understanding of culture with a classical leadership approach. The paper objective is to achieve more effective cross cultural practice. The paper should show the effectiveness of great leaders when they have good communicate skills. This is actually one of the most challenging course a leader will face. Knowing how to communicate will take away the fear of culture shock. Culturally intelligent leaders must understand that the way they communicate is critical to their success. As a global leader, you need to use clear language, which may also determine how much information will need to be imparted in order to achieve the required goal and what the consequences and/or rewards are for the followers. The leader must always lea rn how to adjust their communication style to adjust or transition from one culture to the next.

Changing social diversity in the United States Essay Example for Free

Changing social diversity in the United States Essay As USA is a land of opportunities, millions of people of different origin have migrated to the country and settled there, thus changing the social and cultural diversity of the nation. Children at the young age face problem as they get exposed to two sets of language and culture at school and home. A massive increase in Hispanic population has increased the importance of Spanish language and more businesses related to Spanish have come up. But this Hispanic population has no difficulty in accepting English as their main language. The uniqueness of the immigration is that everybody wants to get integrated into American mainstream. Changing diversity in USA 3 Changing social diversity in the United States As United States is known as the land of opportunities for many decades, millions of people had migrated to this country since long time. It has been mentioned in the website http://www. sedl. org/pubs/sedletter/v12n02/2. html that the make up of the US population has changed so much over the last three decades that the definition of diversity has itself got transformed in the process. It has also been stated that for the first time in the US census held in 2000, individuals were allowed to tick on more than one race in the form. Due to this change in diversity, cultural and socioeconomic factors are now becoming increasingly important while interacting in the society. The website http://www. naeyc. org/about/positions/pdf/psdiv98. pdf deals with the problem children faces in schools due to increased linguistic and cultural diversities. To quote from the above mentioned website, â€Å"At younger ages, children are negotiating difficult transitions between their home and educational settings, requiring an adaptation to two or more diverse sets of rules, values, expectations, and behaviors. † If the child forgets his home language, it may cause disruption in family communication methods. Thus families are facing increasingly complex responsibilities. The website http://knowledge. allianz. com/en/globalissues/demographic_change/gender_diversity/hispanics_integration_us. html states that there has been a massive growth in Hispanic population in the USA and most of them have accepted English as their main language. But the importance of Spanish is also growing as many newspapers have come up in Spanish and Hispanic related businesses are growing in the United States. Changing diversity in USA 1) Responding to Linguistic and Cultural Diversity Recommendations for Effective Early Childhood Education; in National Association for the Education of Young Children adopted November 1995; Retrieved on 13th March 2009 from the website < http://www.naeyc. org/about/positions/pdf/psdiv98. pdf > 2) A Changing Nation: The Impact of Linguistic and Cultural Diversity on Education by Kathleen Trail ; SED letter Volume XII Number 2 December 2000; Retrieved on 13th March 2009 from the website 3) Ethnic Business in a Changing America, Allianz Knowledge Partner site, published on September 11, 2007; Retrieved on 13th March 2009 from the website < http://knowledge. allianz. com/en/globalissues/demographic_change/gender_diversity/hispanics_integration_us. html > Changing social diversity in the United States. (2017, Feb 20). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Physical Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Physical Education - Essay Example The more the calories spent on the physical activity, the less becomes the risk. This is because, exercise has so many advantages such as regulating blood pressure, lowering cholesterol level, regulating stress levels, improving blood circulation, protection against chronic diseases. The exercise recommended for healthy living is approximately 30-40 minutes of vigorous or non-vigorous physical activity for at least 5 days a week. Studies have proved that long term vigorous exercise training helps in reducing the occurrence of mortality and aids in longevity of life span. Even though non-vigorous exercise training reduces all-cause mortality risks, long term vigorous exercise training increases survival rates and longevity. Age related changes in chromosome changes are slowed down by vigorous exercises. It also increases the function of white blood cells thus giving protection against various diseases. Long term vigorous exercise training helps in controlling and maintaining weight, thus giving protection against diseases such as Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD), diabetes, stroke, cancer etc. This exercise training is a healthy lifestyle change which helps in reducing mortality and increasing longevity. High Density Lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol is the good cholesterol which cleans out the excess cholesterol adhered to the walls of blood vessels. The excess cholesterol is carried by HDL to the liver for processing. Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol is the bad cholesterol which gets adhered to the walls of the blood vessels. Therefore, the more the HDL cholesterol the less is the risk of coronary art diseases. Regular physical activity of 30 minutes or more helps in increasing the HDL cholesterol level and in decreasing LDL cholesterol levels. To boost the HDL levels, the exercises should be regular and should burn at

Adult Learner Interview Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adult Learner Interview Assignment - Essay Example But all of them also involved a hands-on element. For example, I attended a weeklong safety course for my job. Each day we would learn a specific concept related to workplace safety. This would be the morning instruction. We would then go out into the factory and try to find good and bad examples of this safety concept in our factory. I liked the fact that we got to apply our knowledge right away, instead of just taking notes and listening to a lecture. This is also how my classes at the community college have been. They all have a hands-on element. Well, the work place training was simply because my boss wanted me to take the training. He thought I would be a good person to send. He does this so I can then bring back the information I learned to the manufacturing team members. The classes at the community college have been for my own personal growth. For a while I think I was hoping to find a different job by learning some new skills in these classes. I was thinking I’d like to get into computer repair. But taking these classes showed me I enjoy doing this as a hobby but not as a full time job. For my most recent safety training, the outcome was difficult to measure because we ran out of time and money to implement the safety recommendations we learned in the course. We got a huge order for machines and reevaluating safety procedure went out the window because we had to put all of our efforts into producing the necessary parts. So we really didn’t get a chance to see if what I learned really applied to the real world. It is all just a bunch of theories in my head at this point and I do not think that is what the company intended when they sent me to the training. That was several months ago and I am sure I have forgotten most of what I was taught. If we ever come back to it, I am sure I will be able to recall most of it from my notes and by

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease - Essay Example HFMD is very often confused with foot and mouth disease but foot and mouth disease is predominant in cattle and sheep. This disease is also found in swine and it is also known as hoof and mouth disease. It is very important not to confuse between these two diseases. There are various symptoms with which the HFMD starts. The most common symptom is fever and loss of appetite. Sore throat is another symptom of this disease but fever is the most common of all the symptoms. This disease is basically caused because of the entero virus genus. This is a communicable disease and spreads when an infected person comes in contact with a healthy person. The virus spreads through contact like handshake etc. HFMD is mutually exclusive to human beings and the disease does not spread either from or to animals. To the dismay of many people who are affected with this disease, it is found that there is no specific treatment for this disease. The following part of the paper will discuss the preventive me asures and the possible treatment of this disease. When a person gets fever and is feared to have this disease, it is best to reduce the fever first and this can be done by taking antibiotics. The affected people often experience pain in this disease but this can also be dealt with by taking appropriate medicines like ibuprofen, or other over-the-counter pain relievers.

Human memory appears to consist of a number of systems. Outline ways Essay

Human memory appears to consist of a number of systems. Outline ways in which these have been described and examine the evidence - Essay Example Neuropsychological perspective describes and classifies human memory systems using various methods. One of the approaches is classification by dissociation, where the evidence for the method is derived from clinical and experimental observations concerning the working or functioning of the memory (Tulving 2006). Using this approach, human memory consists of three interrelated subsystems namely short-term sensory storage (STSS), working or short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Short-term sensory storage system is fast and automatic system that stores information for a period of less than one second. The sensory system perceives and stores visual and auditory information temporarily (Tulving 2006). According to Baddeley (1997), dissociation contributes an important but insufficient condition for classifying tasks in various categories and making conclusions about memory systems and subsystems. However, credible evidence supporting the multiple memory systems have been pro vided by congruence of findings from experiments in neuropsychological, neurochemical and developmental studies. In context to short term and long-term memory systems, various experiments across different scientific fields have been conducted to establish their differences and the similar characteristics. The convergent element of these experiments indicate that short term and long term memories show distinct characteristics indicating that both are different but interrelated systems. The systems have different capacities, duration of storing information and they store different types of information (Cohen and Eichenbaum 2001). Short-term memory has a limited storage capacity of up to seven items or chunks. Another distinguishing characteristic of short-term memory is that information is stored for brief duration of about 30 seconds (Anderson1983). Therefore, the type of information stored in short-term memory includes visual images, words and sentences and other information that is of little significance to a person. Christian et al (2000) attributed the quick forgetting of information stored in short-term memory to displacement of the old information by incoming material. The effectiveness of short-term memory decreases with increase in age and it could be improved by chunking of information and consistent rehearsal. Experimental evidence have proved that long-term memory has unlimited capacity and the duration of storing information ranges from days to the lifetime of an individual (Christian et al, 2000). In this respect, long-term memory stores meaningful and significant events and information. Baddeley (1997) noted that information stored in long-term memory is mainly forgotten due to interference and poor organization of the stored material. The ability to store and recall information in the long-term memory depends on the age, and it is poorest in children below three years and old people. Neuropsychologists have further classified long-term memory int o distinct but interrelated systems. These systems include episodic, procedural and semantic memory (Tulving, 2006). Although the classification has elicited criticism from some theorists, it has enabled b better understanding of the structure and the functioning of human memory. According to Christian et al (2000), episodic memory is the highest memory system and it

A comparison of wine cultures between United Kingdom and Hong Kong Literature review

A comparison of wine cultures between United Kingdom and Hong Kong citizens - Literature review Example They further stated that the production of food and wine is a global phenomenon. Varriano (2011) added that wine had manifested its uniqueness in the culture and history of food and drink that first started in the ancient Greece and Rome civilizations. It is further essential to almost all forms of religion as they use this in their worship (Deutsch and Saks 2008). Today, the wine industry is rapidly growing along with the rise of the globalization (Anderson & Nelgen 2008). Indeed, wine has played a significant role in the lives of wine consumer’s way back in the past and up to the present. According to the work of Estreicher (2004), wine has played an essential role in the foundation of Western civilization. He further added that wine is a magical special ancient alcoholic beverage due to its associations with gods and religious and spiritual traditions. Sanchez (2008) further added that wine is considered by the ancient people such as the Greeks, Romans, Cretans and Egyptian as their daily commodities dated before Christ. These people are used to conducting grape brewing in their respective households. In the ancient history of the invention of distillation, wine is considered to be the best and most effective antiseptic. Furthermore, it is also considered as one of the most in-demand commodities for trade in the early Western civilization along with vine. Therefore, wine can be cited as a very significant in terms of religion, medicine, and trade (Estreicher 2004). Such notions and claims are further supported by the article of Squicciarini and Swinnen (2010) as the authors had revealed that, even back in the old times, wine has been used by the ancient people in several ways and within different purposes. For instance, in China, Chinese folks are using wines for spiritual purposes. This is also the same with the Indian people in which they used wines for

Article Rebuttal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Rebuttal - Essay Example The politics of same-sex marriage is deeper than a mere proclamation. There are numerous fault lines that are built due to the cultural issues in the American politics (Rimmerman & Wilcox 2007). The gay rights law has expanded over the years increasing the members of the community to become large enough to fight for a separate seat in elections. What has really compelled opponents of the same-sex marriage is the focus that gay marriage has received in the state court through their efforts. The community has managed to sponsor its case through major litigating groups such as the â€Å"Lamdba Legal in New York, GLAD in Boston and NCLR in San Francisco†. In the absence of these national groups the ACLU Gay and Lesbian Rights project gets involved (Rimmerman & Wilcox 2007). It is for this reason that the focus on same-sex marriage has increased in the recent years. Bronner states that the opponents are frequently requested to accept the gay marriage as part of the American culture to an extent that even Presifent Obama agreed to accept the new addition in the most welcoming manner. Mr. Blankenhorn, however, is not concerned with the ethics and morality of the act itself. He believes that the same-sex marriage is the major cause in the decline in general marriage patterns in the society. He lays stress on the institution of marriage as being a healthy and significant part of the society. He is merely using the language of morality when he speaks of marriage and indirectly, despite his denial, is addressing the religious or biblical justification for going against the same-sex marriage (Bronner 2012). Mr. Blankenhorn indeed is giving the most unfortunate acceptance for the gay-marriage. But what the author seems to overlook is the fact that the situation is not as simple as it may seem to be (Bronner 2012). The whole idea of marriage has largely evolved in recent years because of the pressure that the

A comparison of wine cultures between United Kingdom and Hong Kong Literature review

A comparison of wine cultures between United Kingdom and Hong Kong citizens - Literature review Example They further stated that the production of food and wine is a global phenomenon. Varriano (2011) added that wine had manifested its uniqueness in the culture and history of food and drink that first started in the ancient Greece and Rome civilizations. It is further essential to almost all forms of religion as they use this in their worship (Deutsch and Saks 2008). Today, the wine industry is rapidly growing along with the rise of the globalization (Anderson & Nelgen 2008). Indeed, wine has played a significant role in the lives of wine consumer’s way back in the past and up to the present. According to the work of Estreicher (2004), wine has played an essential role in the foundation of Western civilization. He further added that wine is a magical special ancient alcoholic beverage due to its associations with gods and religious and spiritual traditions. Sanchez (2008) further added that wine is considered by the ancient people such as the Greeks, Romans, Cretans and Egyptian as their daily commodities dated before Christ. These people are used to conducting grape brewing in their respective households. In the ancient history of the invention of distillation, wine is considered to be the best and most effective antiseptic. Furthermore, it is also considered as one of the most in-demand commodities for trade in the early Western civilization along with vine. Therefore, wine can be cited as a very significant in terms of religion, medicine, and trade (Estreicher 2004). Such notions and claims are further supported by the article of Squicciarini and Swinnen (2010) as the authors had revealed that, even back in the old times, wine has been used by the ancient people in several ways and within different purposes. For instance, in China, Chinese folks are using wines for spiritual purposes. This is also the same with the Indian people in which they used wines for

Prolix Initiative - Care workers case study Essay Example for Free

Prolix Initiative Care workers case study Essay Kevin Pudney and Malcolm Rose have worked in the care sector for over 20 years. Their most recent job is part of a European project aimed at improving training and development in business and speeding the time to competency. More information on the research project is available on the Prolix website (www.prolixproject.org). The project was conducted in partnership with Social Care Institute of Excellence. The social care sector in UK was chosen to test the new systems developed as part of the project. The researcher spent 3 years in Suffolk working with 6 care homes owned by The Partnership In Care (TPIC) group. The Social Care Institute of Excellence (SCIE) [1] is responsible for this social care test-bed and will assess the impact of the project. Whats the problem? Statistics from the Labour Force Survey show that Care Assistants and Home Carers report higher than average levels of stress related illness caused or made worse by the work they do. The PROLIX project aimed to develop systems that would help improve working lives of managers and staff at the homes. The project was not about work related stress, but the researchers recognised that there were factors present that can be associated with cases of work related stress. Staff turnover was about average for a sector that has a generally high turn over rate at around 25%. However, it was particularly high in one home after management problems, where analysis showed turnover in the previous two years of 57%. As skilled staff are replaced by unskilled staff, it increases the training demands on management. It is well established that people who need help with social care want the same carer to care for them consistently; especially those who need help with washing, dressing etc. Where homes have a high turn over rate or rely on temporary or ‘bank’ staff they struggle to offer this consistency of care to the people who live at the home. Other issues identified as part of the testing included; low pay, high job demands, low staffing levels, IT issues and needs of residents as being key issues for staff. Job demands included: 1. The care needs of residents 2. Requirements to record information on care given 3. Required skills and knowledge in over a dozen mandatory areas of competence. Control issues included: 1. The care needs of residents 2. Lack of control over how work is carried out 3. Lack of control over when work is carried out What did they do about it? The initiative focused on improving the management of training and development in order to give staff the skills they need to do the job and satisfy the legal requirements set by Care Quality Commission (CQC). The aim of the work was to help managers understand the issues faced by staff and for Care Assistants to get the training they need so that they could be more skilled and perform better, stay in the role longer and give residents the care that the are looking for. The general study involved all staff and managers at The Partnership in Care homes, and subsets of staff for particular areas of research. One area involved asking care staff to rate themselves on a scale of 1-10 for a set of 17 areas of competency. These areas were based on the requirements set out by CQC and other areas identified as important by the local training manager. Managers were then asked to rate each of their staff in the same competency areas. They had not seen the results from their staff when they did their assessment. This exercise helped staff identify their own Areas For Improvement (AFI) and managers to identify AFIs for staff. It also allowed comparison between staff and managers. This enabled the training manager to identify areas where members of staff did not feel confident in their role or where managers did not feel confident that staff had the necessary skills. It also allowed the training manager to look for trends within teams, for example where there were differences between the ratings given by staff and a manager. It could also identify where people may be over-confident or where they needed more support. The general findings from this competency exercise were shared with staff and managers in a supported environment to help them identify issues and properly interpret data, where training was needed and where staff felt there could be an improvement in the services offered to residents. The detailed individual results were treated as confidential and discussed further in supervision. The final results of the project research were delivered to staff and managers at each home in a day-long session at the end of the project. This enabled the consultant to explain the exercises and the results and spend time with staff and managers to give them support in receiving and delivering the results. It also enabled them to explain how these results would be fed into the development needs of the people who had taken part. There are some 600-800 person training units to be delivered per home to skill all staff to a basic level, with a significant proportion repeated annually as ‘refreshers’ and for new unskilled staff. The organisation owns 6 homes, making this a huge and time consuming activity. The Partnership in Care group has a full time training manager who is responsible for arranging and delivering these training units. Kevin and Malcolm worked with the training manager to help develop a spreadsheet that would enable trainers and managers to see at a glance who had the training they needed, what training was outstanding and when refresher training was due. The training system has helped us see at a glance what training is outstanding and made sure that we can get people trained when they need it and nobody is missed out. Care home manager What else could have been done? They feel that one of the things they would do differently is to help the organisation try to identify suitable people at interview stage. This would help The Partnership In Care group to identify staff development needs at an early stage and invest in those people who have the desire to forge a career or vocation in social care from the beginning of their employment. This would help keep them with the organisation. How can it prevent stress related ill health? It must be made clear that this exercise was not put in place with work related stress in mind. The objective was to help improve the organisation and delivery of training and development within the company. However, demands and control issues were identified as part of this study. By improving the levels of competence of staff and managers and in helping them think about the skills they need to be successful in their work and improve the lives of the people who rely upon them, the work has helped address some of these demand and control issues.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Clobetasol for Psoriasis

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Clobetasol for Psoriasis Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Clobetasol for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis CHAPTER 4 Methodology 4. METHODOLOGY MATERIALS USED: Table 5: LIST OF CHEMICALS USED WITH SUPPLIERS Table 6: LIST OF EUIPMENTS USED WITH SUPPLIERS Physicochemical study on the drug: Melting point determination Melting point is the temperature at which the pure liquid and solid exist in equilibrium. In practice it is taken as equilibrium mixture at an external pressure of 1 atmosphere; this is sometimes known as normal melting point. The Thiel’s tube method of melting point determination liquid paraffin was used in present study. UV spectrum UV scanning was done for pure drug from 200-400 nm in the dilution medium of methanol and in the dilution medium of phosphate buffer pH 7.4 Standard calibration curves of Clobetasol: Reagents Methanol Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4 114,115 Medium- Methanol  116 50 mg accurately weighed CP was dissolved in the methanol and volume was made up to 50ml with methanol [Stock 1]. From stock 1, different dilutions were prepared in the concentration range of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 µ g/ml using methanol as dilution medium. The absorbance of these solutions was measured against blank as methanol in UV spectrophotometer at 240 nm. Medium- Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 solution 50 mg accurately weighed CP was dissolved in the methanol and volume was made up to 100ml with methanol [Stock 1]. From stock 1, different dilutions were prepared in the concentration range of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 µ g/ml using Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 solution. The absorbance of these solutions was measured against Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 solution as blank in UV spectrophotometer at 239 nm. Compatibility studies of drug and polymers: FTIR spectra of pure clobetasol, physical mixtures, and SLN formulations are carried out to determine if there was any interaction between the drug and the other formulation components117. Since IR is related to covalent bonds, the spectra can provide detailed information about the structure of molecular compounds. In order to establish this  point, comparisons were made between the spectrum of the substances and pure compound. The Preformulation study was carried out prior to the development of the dosage forms. The compatibility of the drug and the excipients used were determined by IR spectrometer Shimadzu 8400 series. The spectra of formulations were compared with that of pure drug in order to ascertain for any possible interaction between polymer and drug. Preliminary studies: Initially, SLN was prepared by solvent injection method by using clobetasol (drug), carnauba wax and beeswax as lipid phase, cetyl alcohol and lecithin soya as surfactants. Tween 20 as co surfactant phase and finally distilled water to make up the volume. Where in this method, both liquid phase and lipid phase were heated to 70-75oC. When lipid phase was heated to desired temperature drug was dispersed in it and added to aqueous phase under the magnetic stirrer for 30mins. The lipid phase is added in to aquoes phase by drop wise using syringe. Thus SLNs were formed due to rapid crystallization of oil droplets and precipitation. This respective formulation design is shown in table 7. But the formed SLN was not dried and unstable. Therefore lipid extrusion method was used to prepare various formulations with different concentrations of lipid in an effort to optimize the formulations for the particle size ranging in nano scale. Table 7: Formulation design for solvent injection method The lipid extrusion method was adopted to prepare SLN. At 25mg of CP is kept constant in all formulation. Initially, the drug with different lipids tried with different concentration constant speed. The SLN were evaluated for particle size. The composition of formulation is shown in table. Formulation design:11,17,18 Procedure for preparation of SLN by lipid extrusion technique: Lipid extrusion is carried out at temperatures above the melting point of the lipid and is similar to the homogenization of an emulsion. A pre-emulsion of the drug loaded lipid melt and the aqueous emulsifier phase (same temperature) is obtained by high-shear mixing device (like Polytron PT 1600E homogenizer). High pressure homogenization of the pre-emulsion is done above the lipid melting point. Usually, lower particle sizes are obtained at higher processing temperatures because of lowered viscosity of the lipid phase. Fig 11: Schematic representation of SLN preparation by lipid extrusion Table 8: Formulation design for lipid extrusion method Table 9: Formulation design with stirring speed and duration of rotation using Polytron pt 1600E for Formulation F EVALUTION OF SLN: Physical Evaluations: Visual appearance pH: The pH of SLN formulations were measured using pH paper. Rheological studies Rheological properties (study of deformation and flow of matter) are required in various pharmaceutical areas. It helps to monitor the effect of vehicles consistency on release of drug from the preparations and subsequent percutaneous absorption. Also it is important from the manufacturing point of view. Viscosity measurements were carried out using a Brookfield viscometer (T – bar spindle). The formulation of SLN was kept in 100ml beaker and dial readings was noted at 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 20, 30, 50 and 60 rpm. The speed was then successively lowered and the corresponding dial readings were noted. Particle Size Analysis118: The particle size should be less than 1000 nm in nanoparticles. It can be analyzed by using Malvern particle size analyzer. Particles in the size range of colloids display constant random thermal motion which is known as Brownian motion. This motion causes the intensity of light scattered by the particles to vary with time. The larger the particle slower their motion and hence the smaller the variation in intensity of light scattered. Photon correlation spectroscopy uses the rate of change in the intensity to determine the size distribution of particles. The zetasizer has a correlator with 64 channels. Each of this channel measures changes in light fluctuation over a defined time span. The time span is known as the sample time or delay time the correlator measures the light intensity by counting photons. For a very short time period the changes in light intensities will be very small as the particles had very little time to move. The position of the particles can be statistically defined as being highly correlated, Contrast to this with a long sample time, particles will have moved randomly from their initial positions. Therefore the particles can be described statistically as not being correlated. Zeta potential measurement Zeta potential of the SLNs were measured by malveren zetasizer. The zetasizer mainly consist of laser which is used to provide a light source to illuminate the particles within the sample. For zetapotential measurements this light splits to provide an incident and reference beam. The incident laser beam passes through the centre of the sample cell, and the scattered light at an angle of about 130 is detected. when an electric field is applied to the cell, any particles moving through the measurement volume will cause the intensity of light detected to fluctuate with a frequency proportional to the particle speed and this information is passed to the digital signal possessor and then to a computer. Zetasizer software produces a frequency spectrum from which the electrophoretic mobility hence the zeta potential  is calculated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Surface morphology of the specimen will be determined by using a scanning electron microscope. Procedure: The samples are dried thoroughly in vaccum desicator before mounting on brass specimen studies, using double sided adhesive tape. Gold-palladium alloy of 120 °A Knees was coated on the sample sputter coating unit (Model E5 100 Polaron U.K) in Argon at ambient of 8-10 with plasma voltage about 20mA. The sputtering was done for nearly 5 minutes to obtain uniform coating on the sample to enable good quality SEM images. The SEM was operated at low accelerating voltage of about 15KV with load current about 80mA.The condenser lens position was maintained betwee 4.4-5.1. The objective lens aperture has a diameter of 240 microns and working distance WD=39mm. Drug content119: The drug equivalent to 10 mg of formulation was taken and dissolved in small quantity of methanol. Then the formulation is warmed on the water bath so that the drug present in the formulation was completely dissolved. Then the solution was filtered through Whattman filter paper in 25 ml. volumetric flask and volume was made up to the mark by methanol to give concentration of 1000 ÃŽ ¼g/ml. for Clobetasol. Then 1 ml. was pipetted out in 100 ml. volumetric flask to give concentration of 10ÃŽ ¼g/ml and then absorbance was measured at 240 nm. In-vitro release studies114,115,120: In Franz diffusion cell, 6 gm. of sample was kept in donor compartment. The entire surface of cellophane membrane was in contact with the receptor compartment containing 50 ml of phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The receptor compartment was continuously stirred using the magnetic stirrer. The temperature was maintained 35 °C. The study was carried out for 24 hrs and the sample was withdrawn at 30 minute time interval and same volume was replaced with free phosphate buffer. The content of clobetasol from withdrawn sample was measured after suitable dilution. Stability studies: Whenever a new formulation is developed, it is very essential to establish that the therapeutic activity of the drug has not undergone any change. To conform this, the selected formulations were subjected to stability studies. Generally, the observation of the rate at which the product degrades under normal room temperature requires long time. To avoid this undesirable delay, the principles of the accelerated stability studies are adopted. The International Conference of Harmonization guidelines titled â€Å"stability testing for drug substance and product† describes the stability tests requirements for drug registration applications in the European Union, Japan and United States of America. Table 10: International climatic zones and climatic conditions Table 11: General stability testing consideration Study

What Really Counts as Learning :: Russell Thomas Essays

What Really Counts as Learning Learning happens in so many places and in so many ways. Maybe it is at the mall, or at home, or even in a classroom. For Russell Thomas it was in the poor town of Coney Island. In Coney Island, Russell has to learn many hard lessons in life. He learns that you can’t change everything and that life isn’t fair. Russell is forced to realize that failure is part of life and that it happens to all of us. These are all teachings that are irreplaceable and valuable. The lessons that Russell learns are ones that he will use for the rest of his life in his experiences. It is something that you can use on more than just a test for school. That is what real life learning is about and in one way or another we have all experienced it. Russell is the main focus in Darcy Frey’s article about three basketball prodigies from Coney Island. Russell is a tremendous basketball player and hopes to get out of Coney Island on a basketball scholarship. He has the skill to get that scholarship, but even with all that talent he has a major obstacle stopping him. In order to attend college on a scholarship, a score of 700 is required on the SAT. Russell, on his first attempt, only gets a 500; when a 400 is earned just for signing your name. So in order to get that scholarship and 700, Russell dedicates large amounts of time to studying. If he wasn’t working on basketball then he was working on his academics. After all that work Russell never gets his 700, or the scholarship. So therein lies the first lesson that Russell learns; life isn’t fair. Russell tries his hardest to bring up his grades and earn that 700, but when it comes down to it he has grown up in a low class area, without many opportunit ies. Frey described Coney Island as a place where there are â€Å"†¦no stores, no trees, no police; just block after block of gray cement projects†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frey 38). Russell had what can hardly be called an education. It is a place where most of the good basketball players with any chance at a scholarship never make it, they either end up dead or back in Coney Island dealing drugs.

Viewer Response - The Graduate Essay -- essays research papers

In The Graduate, the director, Mike Nichols’, emphasizes the mysterious tone of the film with his overuse of lighting, camera angles, and shadows. The uncertainty Benjamin Braddock feels can be seen right from the start as he stands on the moving sidewalk at the airport. He is positioned at the right hand side of the screen moving forward. You can see a large area to the left where the credits appear. I think the director chose this technique for the opening credits to symbolize how this graduate is arriving at a new destination & has much uncertainty in front of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dark rooms with shadows are used heavily in this film. The director shows Benjamin’s room as dark and shadowy to parallel his personality. This is also seen in the Robinson house. Shad...

Ways to Improve Academic Experience

Ways to Improve Academic Experience in KDI School Reem Salah Academic Writing March 9,2010 Regular exercise is a critical part of staying healthy. People who are active live longer and feel better. Feeling better will make you more encouraged to study and achieve your goals. Also, it is a way to release tension that we are subject to in KDI . Thus, encompassing Physical Education as a core course and expanding the gymnasium is truly a way to improve academic experience in KDI. By encompassing physical education students will exercise and by expanding the gymnasium area more students will be able to go to the gym and exercise. Ultimately resulting in an improved academic experience in KDI. Exercise has positive effects on the brain. Exercise has been found to increase levels of â€Å"brain-derived neurotrophic factor†. This substance is thought to improve mood, and it may play a role in the beneficial effects of exercise†¦ help brain cells survive longer; so this may also explain some of the beneficial effects of exercise on dementia (Holmes, 2006). Demonstrating that by exercise not only on the long run students will not be prone to dementia but also their mood is improved. Mood improvement will result in students working better, feeling better and enhancing their creativity . Encompassing physical education as a core course thus will truly improve the academic experience. KDI School offers comprehensive and rigorous academic programs (School, 2007) . One way to reduce the tension and stress caused by these programs is physical exercise. Research has shown that physical exercise is the best tension reliever (ICBS, 1998). This illustrates that exercise can be a solution to release the tension which KDI students are subject to due to the rigorous academic programs. Also the rigorous programs in KDI require a lot of sitting in front of a computer or a desk all day. By exercising that built up energy and tension which have accumulated throughout the day can be released. It is a better way to channel your energy than letting it turn into anger or negativity. Strongly pointing out that incorporating physical education as one of the core courses will improve the academic experience. To encourage students to continue exercising the gymnasium has to be expanded. Entering class each year is approximately 200 Korean students for the Master’s Degree program and around  160  international students (School, 2007). Illustrating they are 360 students at KDI. To ensure that most of them are encouraged to exercise by going to the gymnasium, the gymnasium area has to be expanded. In an interview conducted B. K Lee (personal communication, March 09, 2010) noted that the gymnasium area is approximately 10 meters and KDI campus area is approximately 10 kilometers. Having 360 students in KDI with a gymnasium that small will discourage students from going there. Since the campus is 10 kilometers in area there will be no problem in expanding the gymnasium area. By doing so, more students will be encouraged to go to the gymnasium, exercise which will result in improving the academic experience in KDI. In conclusion, Exercise has positive effects on the brain. Release built up energy and tensions. Making us work in a better environment. Physical exercise has many benefits and should be a regular part of almost anyone’s life (Association, 2010). By making physical education as one of the core courses will no doubt improve academic experience in KDI and also the health of all the students. In addition expanding the gymnasium area will encourage students to go there often, exercise resulting in improved academic experience. References: Holmes. (2006). Mental health. About. Com. Retrieved 09/03/2010, from http://mentalhealth. about. com/od/depression/a/howexercise. htm ICBS. (1998). Exercise. Stress Management. Retrieved from http://www. holisticonline. om/Stress/stress_exercise. htm KDI School. (2007) Mission and Purpose. KDI School of Public Policy and Management. Retrieved 09/03/2010, from http://www. kdischool. ac. kr/ KDI School. (2007) Questions of the Academic Programs. KDI School of Public Policy and Management. Retrieved 09/03/2010, from http://www. kdischool. ac. kr/ American Heart Association. (2009). Excersice is for everyone. Physical Activity and Excersice. 10/03/2010, from http://www. americanheart. org/presenter . jhtml? identifier=11081

The Big Data

In my opinion, there will be a huge business transition in organizations and the way business functions with the more and more generation of data every day. There has been massive increase in the way data is being used and is getting difficult to manage data. It is very important to get proper insights as it controls the influence of big data analytics to inform key strategic decisions. The big data provides competitive advantage to the businesses in terms of decision taking process. Big data analytics helps in taking important decisions as they make it more agile and responsive. With increasing digitization in the world, businesses now have too much data generated every day. With this increasing data it is very difficult to manage this data and get proper insights from this data. Simply bigger the data, harder the analytical process becomes. As big data doesn't really mean only the collection of data or just having the information, it also includes all the processes and tools that help in the analysis of this big data and the results derived from it. The biggest advantage if big data is that it can be applied to time fraud detection, complex competitive analysis, call center optimization, consumer sentiment analysis, intelligent traffic management, and to manage smart power grids. Big data is characterized by three primary factors:Volume (quantity over quality);Velocity (too much generation of data every day);Variety (different types of data).Following are the four types of Big Data BI that affects a business:Prescriptive Analytics refers to the rules and recommendations for the following steps to be taken.Predictive Analytics help in analyzing the data and help in knowing what might happen and derive what steps can be taken.Diagnostic Analytics is usually to analyze the past data and what happened, why it happened. This is to understand how the analysis will help in making the dashboard easier to understand.Descriptive Analytics will in knowing what is happening now based on incoming data. It uses the real time data and dashboar d in order to carry out analysis.With the big data, along with a lot of benefits, the decision-making process faces a lot of challenges. According to me below are the pros and cons of using big data in the decision-making process. Advantages of Big Data in Decision-MakingIt helps in gaining the market advantageIt helps in building trust with clientsAs the speed of collection is often too fast, the decisions can be taken at a faster paceDisadvantages of Big Data in Decision-Making  There is a higher chance of analyzing and taking decision for the inaccurate data.Time and money will be wasted if the decisions are taken for the inaccurate data.Decision making with Big Data requires a lot of talented people to work it in our favor. Mistake in one step would lead to iterating of entire   process making it time consuming.  In addition to that, there are always cybersecurity risk which can manipulate the decisions when it comes to data.Taking example of the Amazon, it has been rightly using big data in all its benefits and has become the biggest ecommerce giant in the world. These are the perks of using big data analytics in the right way. Amazon is the perfect example to understand how big data can work in you r favor and help you achieve the market that you are targeting. Therefore, taking the example of Amazon, it entered the Chinese market without any analysis of the data or without any knowledge of the market. It failed miserably in the market and had to undergo losses. Few years later, it decided to enter Indian market and be its biggest ecommerce retailer. Now, before entering the Indian market, Amazon decided to analyze its mistakes that it made while entering the Chinese market. Amazon used the diagnostic analysis of the big data to understand its failure in the Chinese market and was able to create the dashboard describing the factors that led to failure. Those factors were:did not get enough support from the customerscould not stand the local competition of Alibaba (local Chinese e-commerce)did not get enough support from the Chinese governmentAmazon did not only analyze the Chinese market, but it also undergoes descriptive, prescriptive and predictive analysis for the Indian ma rket before entering it and created a well-versed dashboard. Thus, these three factors play an important for any company entering a foreign country. Here that is what Amazon did and I also as a decision maker would have done the same thing as analyzing these three things which made Amazon fail in Chinese market, can actually help it succeed in Indian market. Moreover, in addition to that, there are so many startups in India which needs a boost and needs investment unlike the case in China. So, Indian market has availability of low-cost technical efficiency which helps in avoiding huge costs of outsourcing. Not only that, Indian consumers are always fascinated by these new changes and are always welcoming to more convenient options if available. So, choosing startups rather than outsourcing and making convenience of customer first priority would help in Amazon succeeding the Indian market. Thus, from the example of Amazon, we can conclude that Big Data analytics help in making the process of decision-making smoother and more responsive. It provides a competitive edge by making the analyzing much easier and that too in a minimal time making the process very optimum.

Claude Debussy

Claude Debussy: The Father of Impressionism Claude Debussy was among one of the most popular twentieth century composers of his time. He is known for his famous â€Å"Clair De Lune† and â€Å"La Mer†. This impacted the 20th century music genre with his difficult impressionist technique. He was among the few to be influenced by symbolist poets and impressionist painters, which resulted in true originality. He was the founder of Musical Impressionism, and impacted numerous composers such as Maurice Ravel, Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Pierre’ Boulez. On August 22nd 1862, Claude-Anchille Debussy was born.He was born in Saint-Germain-en Laye, France. His father owned a shop where he sold china and his mother was a seamstress. He began to take piano lessons when they moved to Paris at age seven with an older Italian violinist named Certutti. His aunt kindly paid for them. His talent started to become noticeable, that in 1872 he entered the Pa ris Conservatoire and studied there for eleven years. While he was there he studied Composition, Music theory and history, Harmony, piano as well as organ and solfege. He started to favor dissonance and intervals that were not favored during this time.He was a brilliant pianist and a exceptional sight reader. Starting in the summer of 1880, he accompanied Pytor IllyichTchaikovsky where they traveled throughout Europe. He became the winner of the Prix de Rome in 1884 with his composition L’enfant prodigue. He then received a scholarship to Academie des Beaux-Arts which they provided a four year residence at the Villa Medici at the French Academy in Rome to further his studies into 1887. He composed four pieces that year that were sent to the academy. He then became interested with the Wagnerian Opera, which had a lasting impact on his work.He later died in 1918 of cancer. â€Å"I am trying to do ‘something different' in a way reality, what the imbeciles call ‘impr essionism' is a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by art critics. â€Å"(Debussy) Debussy was the father of impressionism. Impressionism was an early twentieth style of musical composition, which involved flourishing harmonies, clever rhythms and unusual wavering tones. It originated in France where Debussy was born and lived. It was about an atmosphere about music more than the emotion that is expected from music or a story like program music.It was all about shaping new sound effects. These effects included long atypical chords, fast moving sounds when it came to piano dynamics, bitonality, and developing interesting timbres of an instrument specific articulation. Impressionism was mainly focused on Dynamics and Instrumentation. It was created to draw impressions not to necessarily to draw a clear picture. It was designed to create a mood or an atmosphere. The use of Harmony was a big part of Impressionism. An example of Debussy’s work would be â€Å" L’isle Joyeuse† which was influenced by the painting by Jean Watteau.It has no harmonic purpose and sometimes the melody is everywhere, which means there is no steady beat. The piece, in a way does what it wants without following any rules. This was a major part of Impressionism. An example of Claude Debussy’s work that shows the style of Impressionism is â€Å"La Clair De Lune†. It was composed in 1888 and is the third movement of the â€Å"Suite Bergamasque†. â€Å"The choice of compound triple meter for this movement shows the contrast to the dance movements and helps allow Debussy freedom to articulate the music differently.In addition, Clair de Lune is compositionally, the most adventurous piece of the suite. The positioning within the suite is important; it is the suite’s third movement, and is the lyrical climax of the suite. The use of structure and proportion within the movement is significant; Most important of all, they show ways in which the forms are used to project the music’s dramatic and expressive qualities with maximum precision†(Howat 1). It’s original name was â€Å"Promenade Sentimentale†. It was not published until 1905. It was inspired by Paul Verlaine's poems and was influenced by Verlaine's earliest collections.The name means moon-shine or moon light and is the name of one of Verlain's poems. Another example of Debussy’s work of Impressionism is â€Å"La Mer†. Debussy composed it in 1903 and it was completed in 1905. He then premiered it that same year with The Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Debussy’s influence came from the painter J. M. W. Turner. They both had intertwining interests with the sea. With the rich melodic lines, to the rhythmic regularity, and the use of harmonic progressions helped create the sound of the waves Debussy was looking for. â€Å"We must agree,† Debussy writes, â€Å"that the beauty of a work of art will lways rem ain a mystery, in other words, we can never be absolutely sure how it is made†(Trezise 102). In my opinion, these were his best works because of how irregular his melodies are and how he harmonizes in each piece. His use of harmonies creates an atonal sound so that the chords do not sound nice or match together. He creates this â€Å"dream like† sequence that takes you off into another world. It is almost like you are sleeping, and dreaming at the same time in both pieces. In â€Å"La Clair De Lune†, it is more like a dream sequence that gives you the harmonies that are irregular.It also has no specific melody so it could possibly have no end. Both pieces are great examples of Impressionism and Debussy really knew how to make it happen. Claude Debussy was the father of Impressionism and truly changed the way someone can analyze music. He created a new movement in music that inspired other twentieth century composers to follow in his footsteps. With his pentatonic scale, and his use of atonality, Debussy shaped what was the era of new music. Without his interest in creating new things, today we would not have the fluence from him on impressionism.

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Theater - Essay Example between her and her sister Becca because her sister thinks it is not fair for Izzy to have a child and she does not, ever since her son Danny died from a motor accident. Izzy has been portrayed in the play as a moody person as evidenced in Act 1 Scene 1 where she is telling Becca how she punched another woman in a bar (Rabbit hole,p.10). Izzy is also portrayed as a very irresponsible person where she bends the rules and gets pregnant from her relationship with a musician named Auggie. The family is a middle class unit and worse of all; Izzy is no longer working at her usual place. Becca has a steady relationship with her man Howie but she is affected by grief ever since their son Danny died. Howie has a rigid time controlling and understanding her spouse and this brings lots of tension in the family. Izzy is also in a relationship with Auggie the musician, though not from a wedding setting, and this intensifies tensions in the family unit. I like the fact that Howie is a loving and caring person, but I dislike Becca’s attitude towards him. I also like that Izzy is in search of happiness from her musician boyfriend but I dislike the fact that she got pregnant too fast without getting to know her boyfriend and his previous relationships better. Izzy’s overall goal in the play is to show that she is an agent of change in the family setup where people like Becca should not live a life of regrets and grief. Izzy’s objective in Act 1 Scene 1 is to show herself a strong woman who can not be intimidated anyhowly by anyone she cant recognize. She also portrays herself as a woman who will bend the existing notions and perceptions that seem to hinder her path to happiness as evidenced by her relationship to Auggey, the musician. Izzy would wear trendy clubbing attire in the set to portray her fun-loving nature as evidenced in her act coming from the bar where she picked a fight. She is a woman who has never grown up despite her twenty-something years of existence in

Health and Safety (Exposure to vibration ) Assignment

Health and Safety (Exposure to vibration ) - Assignment Example The oscillations may be regular or random, depending on the source. In determination of the health effects of vibration, overall pressure waves generated by the vibrating equipment must be measured. Vibration gets way into the body through the organ exposed to it. For example, vibration enters an operator of a chainsaw through the hands and arms. After prolonged use of the machine, the hands and arms get affected. Vibration is quantified by amplitude or intensity and frequency. Frequency is the number of cycles a vibrating object completes in a second, measured in hertz (Hz). Amplitude is the distance at which the object moves from a stationary position to the extreme position on either side, quantified in meters (m). Speed is used to determine the intensity of vibration and varies from zero to a maximum per cycle of vibration, quantified in meters per second (m/s). Acceleration measures the rate of change of speed with time, quantified in units of meters per second or meters per sec ond squared. It increases whenever a vibrating object moves further from its statutory position. Resonance also plays critical role in the impact of vibration on the human body. Since each organ has its own resonant frequency, when an employee’s body is exposed to a vibration of similar frequency to a body organ, risks are greatly increased. Types of Vibration Exposure to hazardous levels of vibration is linked to adverse health outcomes. Some of the health problems caused by vibration are back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome and vascular disorders. Vibration injury is derived from outdoor activities such as farming, transportation, forestry, shipping and construction. Vibration exposure is divided into two categories: whole-body vibration (WBV) and segmental vibration or hand and arm vibration (HAV). Their sources differ as they affect different parts of the body, of different symptoms. a. Segmental vibration or hand-arm vibration This is a mechanical vibration transmitted to t he human being through part or segment of the body, mostly the hands or arms. Hand-arm vibration causes permanent adverse health effects collectively referred to as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) and specific diseases like carpal tunnel syndrome. What is HAV? This term describes any kind of damage to blood vessels, nerves or muscles in the hands or arms caused by vibration from hand held tools or hand-guided machinery, or when employees hold materials under process by machinery. Most tools and processes vibrate at high levels that expose employees to risk of HAV. Some of these tools are concrete/road breakers, concrete pokers, sanders, disc cutters, hand held grinders and other rotary tools, hammer drills, jigsaws, polishers, sanders, chipping hammers, chainsaws, strimmers, brush cutters, hedge trimmers, leaf blowers, mowers, scrabblers or needle guns, pressure washers, and wood machining equipment among others. Exposure to HAV depends on several factors. These are: The magnitud e and frequency of vibration, The duration called trigger time and frequency of use, Pattern of exposure, including rest breaks, Manner of handling of machines, i.e. magnitude of grip, Surface area of hand exposure to vibration, Environment of working condition like awkward posture, Temperature of exposure, and Individual susceptibility. How does HAV affect health? Employees are exposed to a number of incurable injuries to arms, hands and even damage to blood circulatory system (the so-called

Empirical Techniques in Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Empirical Techniques in Econometrics - Essay Example Econometrics is the application of statistical methods for solving the financial issues. It has many applications like – the effect of the economic conditions on the financial markets, the asset price derivations, predicting the future financial variables and other financial decision-makings. In econometrics there is a lack of adequate test data for applying the particular methodology, this is termed as the small samples problem. There are further constraints in Econometrics with respect to data revisions and the measurement error. These problems are generally faced due to the subsequent revisions in the reference data and the incorrect data estimation or incorrect measurement of data. The frequency of observation of the financial data has far-reaching implications. For the sake of understanding, just imagine the example of the prices of stocks in the share market, they are highly volatile and keep on changing every day, hour, minutes and so on. So to have precise knowledge of these prices one needs to have large quantum of data, in tens of thousands or in millions. Financial data are very noisy in the sense that it is highly difficult to draw a certain pattern or trend from the available data. In other sense the data doesn’t have a specific distribution. But approximations are applied for modeling of the market and for analyzing the future trends, values of financial variables.... sections, e.g. the weekly prices of mid cap shares over the period of five years. Cointergration: The macroeconomics and financial economics has empirical research based on time series. The macroeconomic time series has a nonstationarity property, which means that the variable doesn't return to a constant value or a linear trend. The stationary processes has a basic tendency of moving around a linear value i.e. the mean value and its fluctuation from this value is termed as the deviation. The variables such as employment, asset prices, gross domestic product follow a nonstationarity property and possess stochastic trends. Consider the trend in the financial return series like the rate of change of daily exchange rate. The figure shows the volatility of returns. Fig.1 Earlier it was a general practice to estimate nonstationary process equations in macroeconomic models by the simple linear regression. Clive Granger (1981) proposed a solution to the time series by a simple regression equation: (1) where, = dependent variable = single exogenous regressor = white noise To stress the solution, Granger defined the degree of integaration of the variable. Suppose a variable can be made nearly stationary by differencing it d times, then it can be termed as integrated of order d or I(d). Stationary random variables are I(0). In equation (1), if I(1) and I(1), then I(1). But there exists an important exception, if I(0) then I(0). The linear combination, holds same statistical properties as an I(0) variable. This