An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Essay Example

An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Essay Example An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Paper An Outline of the Basic Concepts of Narrative Therapy Paper Article Topic: Story Michael white and David Epston are most popular for their utilization of account in treatment. As indicated by white people develop the significance of life in interpretive stories which are then rewarded as truth. Embracing a postmodern, account, social constructionist see reveals insight into how power information and truth are haggled in families and other social and social settings. Key ideas Focus account treatment includes embracing a move in center from most conventional hypotheses. Advisors listen deferentially to customers stories to look for times in the customers lives where they were ingenious, use inquiries as an approach to draw in customers, abstain from diagnosing and marking customers, helping customers in mapping the impact an issue has had on their lives and to help the customer in isolating themselves from the predominant stories they have disguised with the goal that production of new stories can happen. The job of stories the tales we live our lives by shape our world in that they develop and comprise what we see, feel and do. Customers will in general be the victors or saints of their own accounts and the advisor is special to be a piece of this unfurling procedure. Tuning in with a receptive outlook All social constructionist speculations place an accentuation on tuning in to customers without judgment or fault, confirming and esteeming them. Specialists can urge their customers to reexamine absolutist decisions by pushing toward seeing both â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† components in circumstances. Story advisors expect to assist customers with making new importance from the tales customers share. As the customer recounts to their story the specialist can tune in for circumstances where the customer had the option to defeat troubles in the past in this manner featuring the customers own qualities. One of the therapist’s jobs is to remind the customer that they can fit for overseeing and beating the issues they face in any event, when the customer can't see this. Another significant job the account advisor attempts is to isolate the issue from the customer by tuning in and reacting. Story advisors don't expect a specialist position and customers are the essential mediators of their own encounters, in this way the procedure of progress can be encouraged however not coordinated by the specialist. The helpful procedure There are a few stages in the remedial procedure however recall that they don't follow a straight movement. Make a commonly adequate name for the issue with the customer Personify the issue and property severe aims and strategies to it Investigate how the issue has been disturbing or demoralizing the customer Invite the customer to see their story from an alternate point of view Discover minutes when the customer wasn’t overwhelmed by the issue Find verifiable proof that the customer had the option to beat issues in the past As the customer to theorize about what sort of future could be normal from this new equipped individual who is rising up out of the recently developed story Find or make a group of people for seeing and supporting the new story It is increasingly reasonable to consider occasions occurring in a patterned movement containing the accompanying components; Move issue stories toward externalized depictions of issues Map the impacts of an issue on the person Tune in to indications of solidarity and capability in an individual’s issue immersed stories Build another account of fitness and report these accomplishments Therapy objectives a general objective of story treatment is to welcome the customer to portray their involvement with new and new dialect. In doing this the customer investigates additional opportunities and empowers customers to grow new implications for hazardous considerations, sentiments and practices. Story treatment quite often incorporates an attention to the effect of different parts of the prevailing society on human life. Advisors capacity and job Act as dynamic facilitators. The ideas of care, intrigue, conscious interest, transparency, compassion, contact and even interest are viewed as social need. A principle undertaking of the specialist is to assist customers with developing a favored story. White and Epston both beginning with an investigation of the customer corresponding to the introducing issue. From that point they would endeavor to isolate the customer from the issue and in doing so generalize the issue as outside to the customer. Advisor embraces a not knowing disposition through language decision and stays away from conclusion and pathologising. There are no set equations or plans for the act of account treatment. The procedure will shift with every customer on the grounds that every individual (and their accounts) is one of a kind. The helpful relationship extraordinary significance is put on the characteristics the specialist creatures to the treatment adventure.

How significant was the division between the Scottish Highlands and Essay

How critical was the division between the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands - Essay Example It is fascinating to take note of, that the subject of Highlands-Lowlands division is firmly associated with the conversation of the British government and its effect on the improvement of Scottish patriotism (or national personality), as it is a chronicled actuality, that the advancement of dominion had just arrived at rather huge level, however its spreading onto the Highlands region was forestalled by the division among Highlands and Lowlands; despite the fact that the association between the division and the Scottish patriotism is seen, the work won't make unique complement on this point, yet we will here gander at the general effect on individuals, their way of life and the entire future history of Scotland which was made by this division. The division of the Highlands and Lowlands has made a significant effect on the way that Scottish individuals didn't feel like whole country and the idea of country has stopped to exist for them. Notwithstanding, this effect was made through t he quantity of elements, which are to be considered independently in this work. The medieval development, which existed in Scotland, was one of the significant motors, making the division of the Scotland closer. The underlying foundations of the division lay in the reality, that King David, being dynamic supporter of the feudalism and making everything conceivable to spread it over the nation, has unwittingly partitioned Scotland into two sections: the homes, which he regularly conceded to his masters, were for the most part arranged in the southern piece of the nation, making it increasingly middle class and created, and along these lines nearer to Britain - not truly, however in financial turn of events and culture. It is now at that point, that Scottish country was described by two distinct dialects spoken, and two diverse political inclinations - while the Highlands was nearer to Ireland, the Lowlands right now would in general speak Teutonic (present day English) and accordingly socially to be nearer to England. The habits and customs of the Scots change with the assorted variety of their discourse. For two dialects spoken among them, the Scottish and Teutonic, the last of which is the language of the individuals who involve the seaboard and fields, while the race of Scottish discourse occupies the Highlands and remote islands. The individuals of the coast are of residential acculturated propensities; the Highlanders and individuals of the islands, then again, are savage and untamed race, inconsiderate and autonomous, given to rapine, ease-adoring, antagonistic to English individuals and language - and exceedingly cruel.'1 This concentrate makes it clear, that however the division among Highlands and Lowlands is for the most part examined through the period, beginning with the seventeenth century, the foundations of the issues were at that point evident in the fourteenth century. Information and comprehension of these roots is fundamental for characterizing the essentialness of this division both for the history and for the individuals. Despite the fact that the later period turned into a sign of increasingly equivalent primitive improvement of both Scottish parts, however the inconsistencies, planted prior, stayed to develop into progressively genuine structures, which later transformed into colossal social, strict and attitudinal division between the individuals of one state. Closer to the start of the eighteenth century, it has become obvious that the division betw

How to Start a Career In Psychology

How to Start a Career In Psychology Student Resources Careers Print How to Start a Career In Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 05, 2019 Stuart Kinlough / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Are you interested in a career in a psychology-related field but not quite sure where to begin? Do you have a question about psychology careers? Because there is so much diversity in the field of psychology when it comes to individual career paths, deciding where you want to go can be a daunting prospect. As you plan your way forward, it pays to do research on the different options that are available and carefully decide which area seems to be the best possible fit for your interests, needs, and goals. The following are just a few of the basic questions that many people ask when considering a career in psychology. Before you decide which path is right for you, spend some time finding answers to some of your biggest questions. Types The title of psychologist is often used as a blanket term to describe anyone who works in a psychology field, but there are actually major differences between different types of psychologists. For example, some psychologists known as clinical psychologists work with people who are experiencing psychological difficulties and perform tasks such as assessing, diagnosing, and treating these clients. Another type of psychologist is an industrial-organizational psychologist. These professionals work with businesses and other organizations to solve work-related issues. They might focus on designed safe and efficient work spaces or creating organizational structures that maximize productivity and efficiency. So how do you determine which type of psychologist you might want to be? One way to begin is to consider the general type of psychology you might want to practice and where you want to work. If you are interested in helping people improve their lives directly, you might want to consider a career in mental health or in an applied area outside of mental health. If you are more interested in researching how people think and behave, then you might want to consider a career in an experimental field. Specialty Areas Once you have a better idea of which types of psychologist you might like to be, you can then focus your career-planning on the specialty area that seems the most suited to your goals and interests.  One of the greatest things about psychology is that there are so many different career paths to choose from. Whether you are fascinated by research or interested in applying psychological theories in the real world, there is bound to be an area that is perfect for your interests. Just a few of the specific specialty areas in psychology include clinical psychology, educational psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, and social psychology. Start by exploring the different specialty areas in psychology to learn more. Kind of Work Performed   Psychologists work in a wide range of professional areas. Even psychologists working in the same specialty area may find that their specific duties vary widely. This is because the nature of psychology work can vary tremendously depending on exactly where a professional is employed, the needs of their employer, and the needs of the populations they serve. Mental health, academics, and research are just some of the major areas of interest a psychologist might pursue. Many psychologists also work in applied settings like ergonomics and human factors. Psychologists are also well suited to work in business, government, education, and mental health. Discover more about the nature of psychology work and what it is really like to be a psychologist. Work Environment How a psychologist spends each day and under what type of working conditions are both affected largely by exactly where the professional is employed. For example, many psychologists work at colleges and universities, while others work in prisons, hospitals, or private practices. Some work individually with clients while others treat patients with a team of professionals. Before you decide on a career in psychology, spend some time thinking about where you might like to work one day. Understanding where different psychologists work is important, so spend some time learning more about the working conditions of psychologists. Earnings While a study by the National Association of Colleges and Employers found that psychology graduates had the lowest starting pay of any field ($30,000), it is important to remember that earnings and salaries of psychologists vary widely depending on education level, experience, and specialization. In their Occupational Outlook Handbook, the U.S. Department of Labor reports that the median annual earnings for psychologists was  $72,580 as of 2015.  If youve ever considered a career in psychology, then you probably should spend a little time investigating the typical earnings and salaries of psychologists. While it is important to note that salary should not be your only consideration when selecting a career path, it is important to be aware of what you can expect to make when entering any profession. It is important to note that those who earn a masters or doctoral degree in psychology have a much higher earning potential than those who hold a bachelors degree. Education and Training Just how long does it take to become a psychologist? The answer depends on a lot of factors including which specialty area you plan on going into. It is also important to note that there are a number of career options available for those with doctoral, masters, and bachelor’s degrees in psychology. Before you pick a specialty area, it pays to figure out the training and qualifications youll need to work in that field. For example, if you are interested in becoming a clinical psychologist, you will need to first earn a bachelors degree in psychology (which usually takes 4 to 5 years) before earning a doctorate degree (which then takes an additional 4 to 7 years). Once you have completed your graduate training, you will then need to complete a period of supervised training ass well as pass state licensing exams in order to become licensed to practice in your state. If, however, you were planning to become an experimental psychologist, you would probably begin by earning your bachelors degree in psychology before enrolling in a masters or doctorate program devoted to research and experimental study. A masters degree may take 2 to 3 years of study which may then be followed by an additional 2 to 3 years in a doctoral program. In some cases, you may go directly from a bachelors program into a doctoral program which generally takes 4 to 5 years to complete. Depending upon your program path, you will likely have to complete original research and present a masters thesis or doctoral dissertation before earning your degree. Demand Outlook The U.S. Department of Labor predicts that the demand for psychologists will grow by 19 percent through the year 2024, a rate that is much faster than the average for all professions in the United States. However, they also note that growth will vary depending upon specialty area. Specialty areas including clinical psychologists, school psychologists, and industrial-organizational psychologist are expected to be in high demand over the coming years. When you are considering a career path, it is always a good idea to understand the possible job outlook before you commit. After all, you want to ensure that there will be a demand for your skills and services once you graduate and enter the workforce. Bachelors Degree So what sort of potential is there for those who want to work in a psychology-related profession but are not interested in going to graduate school? While those with an undergraduate degree will not enjoy the same job demand and salary that those with advanced degrees encounter, there are still plenty of things that you can do with a bachelors-level degree. There are a number of different entry-level jobs for college graduates with a bachelors degree. However, it is important to note that options tend to be more limited at the undergraduate level. Undergraduate education in psychology helps students develop skills that are important in a variety of careers. Graduate Degree Earning a graduate degree in psychology can open a lot of door in terms of career selection, salary, and opportunity for advancement. Those with graduate degrees are usually more in demand and may have an easier time finding employment in their chosen specialty area. Salaries also tend to be much higher at this level, although there is considerable variation based on the area of employment, years of experience, and geographic location. It is also important to note that with  many careers, such as clinical and counseling psychology, having a graduate degree is actually a requirement for becoming licensed. Which Career Is Right for You? As you have seen, there are a lot of different options to choose from when you are selecting a career in psychology. If you are still unsure of where you might fit, you might want to take a quick quiz to get a general idea of where to begin your career planning. Psychology is a diverse field with a wide range of career options, so a little planning now can help you find a specialty area that is perfect for you.

Commonly Confused Words Peace and Piece

The words peace and piece are homophones: they are pronounced the same but have different meanings. The noun peace means contentment or the absence of war. The noun piece refers to a portion or a part of a whole. As a verb,  piece is often followed by together and means to complete or join into a whole (as in piece together a quilt). Idiomatically, you may hold your peace (stay silent) or speak your piece (say what you have to say). See the examples and usage notes below. Examples When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace.Jimi Hendrix Sitting at the table one day, I held the fork in my left hand and pierced a piece of chicken.Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969 You can sign any peace treaty you want, give back this piece of land and that piece of land, but peace is never going to happen until those things do. Its got to start with us learning each others names. With us feeling responsible for each others fates.Naomi Ragen, The Sacrifice of Tamar. Crown, 1994 Speak your piece; then hold your peace. Dont restate, restate, and restate. Dont summarize if you have only written a few pages.Mary Lynn Kelsch and Thomas Kelsch, Writing Effectively: A Practical Guide. Prentice-Hall, 1981 Usage Notes Piece has the word pie in it, which should remind you of the familiar phrase a piece of pie. You can meditate to find peace of mind, or you can get angry and give someone a piece of your mind.(Paul Brians, Common Errors in English Usage. William, James, 2003)Whereas peace of mind is calm assurance, a piece of ones mind is something a person says in a fit of pique. But the two are surprisingly often confounded.(Bryan Garner,Garners Modern American Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009) Practice (a) _____ is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal.(Martin Luther King, Jr.) (b) I never met a _____ of chocolate I didnt like. Answers (a) Peace  is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal.(Martin Luther King, Jr.) (b) I never met a  piece  of chocolate I didnt like.

Essay about Irony in Shakespeares Macbeth - 1143 Words

Macbeth: Three Forms of Irony Macbeth, is a story of a man whose ambitions have caused him to commit treason and murder. Visions of power grew within his head until his thirst for power caused him to lose his life. It is the ironic and symbolic elements such as this that contribute to the great depth of the play and transform it from a mere play to a literary art form. Three forms of irony may be found in the play, Macbeth: Dramatic irony, being the difference between what the audience knows and what a character knows to be true; Verbal Irony, being a difference between what is said and what is meant; and Situational Irony, a difference between what happens and what is expected to happen. I will attempt to show examples of†¦show more content†¦One of my favorite examples of dramatic irony is the porter scene in Act II, iii because of the hidden truths the stuporous drunk revealed. The porter acts the part of the porter at hell-gate in line 2, Porter: If a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning the key. He continues to dramatize through line 17, Porter: But this place is too cold for hell. Ill devil-porter it no further... After the kings murder is discovered, it is almost comedic the way Lady Macbeth responds to the announcement of King Duncans murder. First she enters in mock confusion questioning, Lady Macbeth: Whats the business, That such a hideous trumpet calls to parley The sleepers of the house? speak, speak! (II,iii,84-86) One can imagine the actor portraying Lady Macbeth embellishing her performance almost to the point at which it might be called over-acting. Then, with Macduffs reply refusing to tell her what has happened for The repetition in a womans ear Would murder as it fell, one can not help but ignore the serious tone of the scene to laugh at the irony of his choice of words. The lady then plays her innocence more by replying in alarm to Macduffs telling Banquo of the murder, Lady Macbeth: Woe, alas! What in our house? (II,iii,92) Possibly the most enjoyed form of irony in the play is verbal. For example, the exit of Macbeth at his final visit to theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1399 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’, resonates the damnation and inevitable dissolution of man in the face of compunction, facades and vaulting ambition. Through the use of dramatic irony, symbolism and soliloquies, Shakespeare denotes the happenings of a tragic hero who ambles on the verge between moral and immoral; the inception after which humanity cascades to pieces. Ultimately through this farrago of self-seeking divinations, disdainful desires, decimating machinations and an ultimate plunge fromRead MoreEssay on Comedy vs. Tragedy876 Words   |  4 Pageswhich kept them in the Shakespearian style. Shakespeare’s more widely known comedy and tragedy, The Twelfth Night and Macbeth, respectively, are great examples to show the vast differences between the two styles , but since both works are by the same author, similarities can also be seen if one looks carefully. A dismal, almost heart-wrenching downfall and a plot of darkness and confusion is what a reader encounters in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth. The story, right from the beginning, createdRead MoreEssay on Dramatic Tension in Macbeth1644 Words   |  7 PagesDramatic Tension in Macbeth  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s play ‘Macbeth’ is set in Scotland during the rule of king Duncan. Macbeth has fought his way up the ranks of the army to become one of Duncan’s most trusted Lords. An encounter with three witches puts wickedness into the heart of an otherwise noble and loyal Macbeth.   Shakespeare’s brilliant use of dramatic irony, the supernatural, and indecision produce a dramatic tension that keeps the audience on the edge of their seats throughout the play. Read MoreIrony in Act 1 of Macbeth Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth Question – Discuss the irony in Act 1, Scene 4. Irony is very commonly used in literature. It is when something totally different from what was happened takes place. Irony is of three main broad types-verbal irony, dramatic irony and irony of situation. Verbal irony or sarcasm refers to the situation where the character deliberately means the opposite of what he or she is saying. Irony of situation or circumstance refers to a situation when the opposite of what is expected happensRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In Literature1077 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare, there is a common belief among people that Shakespeare’s work does not reflect modern time and has lost its relevance. However, we continue to see literary devices that Shakespeare used in modern works today. Shakespeare employed literary tools, along with his understanding of the flaws in human nature, in a effective manner to continue to be relied upon in modern texts to keep audiences captivated. Motifs were used in Shakespeare’s time and are still used today to relay the overall themeRead MoreTragic Circumstances, Social Pressures, and Flaws in Shakespeares MacBeth957 Words   |  4 PagesThe play Macbeth by William Shakespeare uses the genre of tragedy through the inclusion of distinctive elements of tragic circumstance, social pressures and flaws within the individual’s character. Shakespeare manipulates these features of a tragedy to evoke audience interest leaving responders with insightful thoughts about human nature such as the dangers of vaulting ambition, the fragility of human morality and the temptation of deviation from the natural order. Early in the play, ShakespeareRead More Literary Devices Used In Macbeth Essay example911 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Devices used in Macbeth Imagine how dull a Shakespearean play would be without the ingenious literary devices and techniques that contribute so much to the fulfillment of its reader or viewer. Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy that combines fact and legend to tell the story of an eleventh century king. Shakespeare uses numerous types of literary techniques to make this tragic play more appealing. Three literary devices that Shakespeare uses to make Macbeth more interesting andRead MoreMacbeth, Act II Scene II : When dealing with scene II act II from Macbeth, we can’t miss900 Words   |  4 Pages Macbeth, Act II Scene II : When dealing with scene II act II from Macbeth, we can’t miss Shakespeare’s mastery in stagecraft. This story of crime and punishment culminates here in a climax of horror and terror, which exposes to the 17th century spectator the features of the two plotters of Duncan’s murder. Thus, the audience are invited to attend the inevitable and tragic downfall of these protagonists. When the scene is about to begin, the spectator has been plunged into the horror of warRead MoreEssay on Tension in Act 2 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Macbeth1620 Words   |  7 PagesTension in Act 2 Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was written in1605; this was a period where there was a great interest in witchcraft and the supernatural. Many people including James I were scared and confused by ideas of the supernatural. The opening scene would in itself create tension amongst the audience, as it would suggest a play full of evil and lies, and also a theme of opposites and contrasts which occurs in the play, Fair is foul, and foulRead MoreIrony in Macbeth1655 Words   |  7 PagesDramatic Irony is the result of information being shared with the audience but withheld from one or more of the characters. Example: In  Act 1 Scene 4, line 50  , the witches hail Macbeth,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"thane of Cawdor!† Dramatic irony: At this point, Macbeth is unaware that the king has conferred this honor upon him because of his valor in battle, so he attributes his fortune to the witches’ prophecy. However, the audience knows Duncan made the pronouncement in Act 1, Scene 3. Purpose:  This dramatic irony is to

How to Learn English Free Essays

How to learn English effectively Do you want to know how to learn English effectively? If so, you are not alone. In fact, there are many people out there today who are working to learn English as a second language. No matter what the reason is that you are learning English, you want to make sure that you can learn it quickly and effectively as well. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Learn English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether you are learning English in a class, on your own, or with language teaching software, there are certain things that you can do to make sure that you learn the language effectively. So, here are a few tips to keep in mind that will help you on your journey towards learning the English language. Tip #1- Make Sure You WANT to Learn One of the first tips that can help you out if you want to know how to learn English effectively is to make sure that you really want to learn this language. If you really don’t want to learn, there is no book, no class, and no tips that are going to make it simpler for you. Make sure that you ask yourself whether you really want to learn English. If not, then it’s not for you. However, a real desire to learn the language can go a long way. Tip #2 – Figure Out What Motivates You If you want to learn English effectively, you need to figure out what your motivation is. Why do you want to learn English so badly? Do you want to improve your current learning, get a better job, attend university, or enjoy your life in an English speaking country? No matter the reason you are motivated to learn this language, you need to understand what motivates you so you can use it as encouragement as you learn the language. Tip #3 – Decide on Some Goals It is very important that you have goals in mind if you want to know how to learn English effectively. Setting goals will help you to know where you want to be and it will you to actually see your progress as you learn the language as well. Decide what your goals are, whether you want to improve your vocabulary, pronunciation, or even if you want to comprehend when you’re listening better. Once you know your goals, make sure that you are working to achieve them. Tip #4 –Be Sure to Practice Practicing is probably one of the most important tips if you want to know how to learn English effectively. The more you practice your English skills, the better you will become at it. You can practicing by reading English, by writing emails and letters, by listening to television or the radio in English, or even by taking time to speak to other people who speak the English language. The more you practice, the fewer mistakes you’ll end up making over time, and you’ll become more effective with your English skills. Tip #5 – Work on Vocabulary Development No matter what language you’re learning, a large vocabulary is going to be very important. This is especially important when you are learning the English language. One of the best ways to learn new vocabulary words is to start reading and you can also learn more by listening to the radio or watching television. Playing word games and doing word puzzles can also help you out when you are trying to enhance your English vocabulary. Tip #6 – Study on a Regular Basis If you plan on learning a language, you are going to have to make studying a priority. It’s not just something you do every now and then, but it should be done every single day. When you study each day it is easier to retain the new things that you learn. You’ll also find that you can review easier every day and you’ll definitely remember what you learn a lot better as well. So, if you want to know how to learn English effectively, then you need to make studying a priority. Tip #7 – Make it Enjoyable When you’re having fun, it actually makes it easier for you to remember things that you learn, so make sure that you make learning English fun. Take time to do puzzles and to play games, even if it does seem a bit childlike. They really can help you as you learn English and provide you with excellent practice. Ref : http://www. learnenglish-a-z. om/how-to-learn-english-effectively. html Rules for Writing Formal Letters in English In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when writing a formal or business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions. Addr esses: 1) Your Address The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter. 2) The Address of the person you are writing to The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address. Date: Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word. Salutation or greeting: 1) Dear Sir or Madam, If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name. 2) Dear Mr Jenkins, If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc. ) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women. Ending a letter: 1) Yours Faithfully If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 2) Yours Sincerely If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 3) Your signature Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name. Content of a Formal Letter First paragraph The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc. The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant information behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner rather than expanding too much. Last Paragraph The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to take- to refund, send you information, etc. Abbreviations Used in Letter Writing The following abbreviations are widely used in letters: †¢asap = as soon as possible cc = carbon copy (when you send a copy of a letter to more than one person, you use this abbreviation to let them know) †¢enc. = enclosure (when you include other papers with your letter) †¢pp = per procurationem (A Latin phrase meaning that you are signing the letter on somebody else’s behalf; if they are not there to sign it themselves, etc) †¢ps = postscript (when you want to add som ething after you’ve finished and signed it) †¢pto (informal) = please turn over (to make sure that the other person knows the letter continues on the other side of the page) †¢RSVP = please reply Outline: A Covering Letter A covering letter is the one that accompanies your CV when you are applying for a job. Here is a fairly conventional plan for the layout of the paragraphs. Opening Paragraph Briefly identify yourself and the position you are applying for. Add how you found out about the vacancy. Paragraph 2 Give the reasons why you are interested in working for the company and why you wish to be considered for that particular post. State your relevant qualifications and experience, as well as your personal qualities that make you a suitable candidate. Paragraph 3 Inform them that you have enclosed your current CV and add any further information that you think could help your case. Closing Paragraph Give your availability for interview, thank them for their consideration, restate your interest and close the letter. Outline: A Letter of Enquiry A letter of enquiry is when you are approaching a company speculatively, that is you are making an approach without their having advertised or announced a vacancy. Opening Paragraph Introduce yourself briefly and give your reason for writing. Let them know of the kind of position you are seeking, why you are interested and how you heard about them. Paragraph 2 Show why their company in particular interests you, mention your qualifications and experience along with any further details that might make them interested in seeing you. Paragraph 3 Refer to your enclosed CV and draw their attention to any particularly important points you would like them to focus on in it. Closing Paragraph Thank them, explain your availability for interview and restate your enthusiasm for their company and desire to be considered for posts that might as yet be unavailable. Ref : http://www. usingenglish. com/resources/letter-writing. html How to cite How to Learn English, Essay examples

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay Example

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay In answering this question I propose to examine the key areas of leadership, the economy, then see how this affected politics and follow this up by looking at foreign relations. 1924 saw the emergence of two figures in key posts that were to contribute to Weimar stability between these years: Stresemann and Hindenburg. Both had militarist and nationalist backgrounds but similarly both were intelligent enough to realise that co-operation and discourse were preferable to civil war and economic suffering. Stresemann masterminded Germanys period of diplomatic tension and isolation whilst Hindenburg offered a presidency that was balanced and tactfully administered. Both men were acceptable as leaders to the majority of German people for the time being. These men seemed acceptable to the allies whose goodwill was of paramount importance for German to recover between 24-29. Economically, the country re-gained some stability immediately when H. Luther changed the Mark over to the Rentenmark in 24. This was achieved without gold reserves but industry and agriculture offered some security and this was accepted as international currency. Unemployment began to subside and industrial output returned to levels not seen since 1913. Trading agreements (such as the Rappallo with the USSR) offered further investment opportunities abroad. A full return to the gold standard was enabled by the Dawes Plan (loans were also provided) and it also gave the economy breathing space as reparations were scaled down to fit in with economic output. We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Politically, this was a quieter time for the Weimar. Why? Simply because the republic seemed to be gaining success. Middle ground parties dominated the Reichstag and the three main nationalist parties (DNVP, NSDAP and KPD) only received 30% of votes cast in the 1927? election. The D. N. V. P was traditionally supported by industrialists, but given the economic upturn most were quite happy to allow the republic run freely. A referendum called for by the NSDAP and others to pillory the government for treason only received 14% of votes cast in favour. 1924 also saw Germany move away from the policy of obstruction and non-co-operation that had dogged the republics early years. Beginning with J. Wirth, a co-operative policy of fulfilment or Erfsfullpolitick was pursued. Stresemann continued this policy with three aims in mind: to modify Versailles; to end German diplomatic isolation and finally to restore sovereignty. By 1931, all three had been more or less achieved. The expressions of the Erfsfullpolitick were a series of pacts and treaties that bore foreign success. As mentioned above, the Rappallo Pact gave the economy a nudge but may also have nudged the allies into a desire to involve Germany more in world affairs in preference to Soviet dominance. The Dawes plan was the first expression and the Young Plan further supported this in 29 (both scaled down reparations). The Locarno Pact ratified Germanys western borders whilst still allowing her to pursue claims in the east. A return to League of Nations membership in 26? Saw the French foreign minister Briand, welcome Stresemann as an equal. The reparations were legally curtailed in 31 after Brunigs application for a Moratorium to the U. S. In conclusion, Weimar political stability between 24-29 can be explained by a combination of inspired leadership, supported by foreign goodwill and input which in turn promoted economic buoyancy which led to political calm.

Heros journey Little Obama Movie

Heros journey Little Obama Movie Introduction From the presidential campaigns and now his leadership, the life travels of Barack Obama have been important for discussion in understanding the forces which shaped his personality and behaviors. Many have suggested that his success in politics stems from the fact that he was a man of many nations. As this movie proves, Obama had a history of living in more than one continent. He had different places to call â€Å"home†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hero’s journey: Little Obama Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As this movie suggests, the places he lived in, especially when he was a child, had the effect of transforming and shaping him into the personality he is today. In this movie, the character of Obama is the focus. How his stay in Indonesia as a child (possibly) shaped such is the focus of the movie. In the movie, the role played by Obama’s parents in shaping the persona lity of the young boy is also highlighted. Thesis: Little Obama depicts how Obama was shaped by his stay in Indonesia into becoming a strong willled, friendly and diplomatic person. In Little Obama (Obama Anak Monteng), there is no struggle to present Obama the president. Instead, the childhood of Obama is traced in the most probable way it happened. In the movie, young Obama is allowed to be the child he was (Adams 2). He is allowed to do things which a child would be expected to do (without focusing on him as the future president). As would be the case for any child, the movie presents Obama learning most of his life lessons through play. In the movie, other major characters are the children whom Barry (Obama’s name in the movie) plays with. As the movie is framed, these characters help the young Obama to understand many things about his life. They help him to search for his own identity. Watching the movie, one realizes the intention of the producers to insist on the point that without this stay in Indonesia, Obama would have probably not encountered the critical questions on his identify as he did. Besides the idea of Indonesia as the setting for changing his behaviors, the movie also brings out parenting as an important issue. In this regard, the movie, besides highlighting the interactions which the young Obama had with friends, also presents the conversations and interaction with his parents. As the movie confirms, Obama learnt from, and was taught much, by his mother and stepfather.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Little Obama captures the period of Obama’s childhood from six years to when he was ten years. The belief of the movie is that these years were the most important one in laying ground to the character of Obama. The events in the movie happen in Monteng, Jakarta of Indonesia. They occur between the years of 1967 to 1971, indicating a capture of four years of obama’s childhood. The movie opens when young Obama, referred to in the movie as Barry Obama comes to Indonesia. As it unfolds in the movie, little Obama comes into the country (Indonesia) alongside his mother (Ann Dunham). They were in the country because it was the homeland of the boy’s stepfather (Lolo Soetoro). By extension thus, Obama was coming into Indonesia as his second home because of the fact that his mother had been married to Soetoro (Asia Society 3). This movie is based on the important elements of pluralism as well as differences. In the movie, scenes are expressly developed to create an experience of thematic learning. In the first scenes, Barry Obama comes to meet difficult question on his identify as a person. Meeting these people for the fist time, one kid asks Barry, â€Å"What are you actually? Going by the way Barry is astounded by the question, it comes clear he had not in his life thought about â €˜whom’ he indeed was. This question in the end becomes the main concept on which the whole of the movie develops. In the movie, Barry has to identify who he is because questions on his identity are not dying. In another of such questions, another kid wonders, â€Å"westerner, but dark colored?†. Going by the way he was astonished again, this must also be the first time that Barry has to question himself on the ‘kind’ of a westerner that he was. It was the first time he had to come into hard questions on his identify as an African-America. The ‘westerner’, which is the reference used by the other kids simply means that they were aware of where Barry and his family had come from. On this ground, it is clear the kids were in some way conscious of the history of westerners including their physical identifies. In this scene thus, these kids wondered because to them there was no synergy between Barry and ‘westerners’. To Barry, thes e questions were to linger and disturb the mind. He was to question his identity and the differences he had with the other westerners which had prompted this reaction. As the movie unfolds, one finds that Barry was being helped to answer questions on his identity. This was especially the case as questions kept coming (from the kids) which forced Barry to think more of ‘who’ he was. Another statement, which was almost a rhetorical question was, â€Å"weird hair. Big nose†¦.†. In this scene, this kid was indeed pin-pointing on some of the things which according to them made Barry, a ‘different westerner’. They for example pointed out his hair here.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hero’s journey: Little Obama Movie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the movie unfolds, it comes clear that young Barry (Obama) was learning so many things which besides his belief also related t o his attitudes and perceptions. In learning positive attitudes and perceptions, the movie presents Barry’s parents as having played the greatest role. In one of the scenes, Barry Obama learns from his stepfather on how to do boxing. In this boxing lesson, young Barry is taught by (Lolo Soetoro) his stepfather that in life one has to be strong. He learns that life has to be approached with a complete resolve to defend the self from the extremity by others. After highlighting the immigration as well as the problems of acceptance by his friends, the movie presents young Obama as finally gelling with these people. At this point, the movie moves to the friends that young Obama had as well as the games they play. Here, the movie moves to the friendship he develops with Slamet (Slamet Djanuadi) and Yuniardi who are other children in the neibourhood. There are many things that these friends are able to do together. Play is the most important thing they do all the time. In this, the young boys play tennis and another game called marple. These games are seen to be uniting the little Obama more and more with the two friends Yuniardi and Slamet An event during these games with friends is of worth noting. This is when while playing with his close friends, Barry encounters and does clash with a boy named Carut. Carut belongs to a gang of bullies. In this event, Barry effectively defeats the bullies and shows his fighting (karate) prowess. As he comes out of this event and analyzes it later, young Barry has learnt many important lessons. The most important lesson that the young boy learns is that to fight, â€Å"isn’t the solution†. He learns that conflicts can be amicably resolved. Here, he also learns that differences should not be a cause to war. In the scene, he comes out identifying that violence does not pay and instead is a loss to all parties who would benefit more if they negotiated and made peace. From this fight, Obama learns that besides avo iding war, he also has to accept himself and who he is as different from others. From the incident, the young Obama learns that opening up and thus sharing is the best path to take. He learns that he has to accept that he has differences with others but has also to respect others who are different from him. In the movie, these lessons on how to live with others do not just come from his own experience. Instead, as the movie presents, they are lessons which are also impacted to him by his mother in the scenes she teaches him to avoid seeking the path of confrontation.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the movie unfolds, Barry Obama in the end learns who he is and comes out able to appreciate and accept differences. After this full turn-around in personality development, Barry no longer shrinks into himself. He does not discriminate either. This full self-acceptance comes out clearly, when Obama plays with his friends. He comes out an effective player. He is very good in the game of ping-pong. His friends adore his talents in the game. They like him to play with them more and more. Confidence having been built, young Obama moves beyond his neibourhood. He begins to interact with not only his peers but also well-known people in the locality. As the movie progresses, the young boy is, for example, seen riding on motorbikes with great singsong. At this point, it is clear that the young Obama has developed. Towards the end of the movie, Barry is seen as having fully adopted to the environment and was now leaving in harmony with his friends and neighbors. He had many friends and was now known to many in the neibourhood. However as this process is happening; the family is engaged in a conflict. The mother and stepfather have to part ways. This makes the beginning of the conclusion to the movie when young Obama is now leaving for United States. Conclusion The above discussion proves that Little Obama is a complete depiction on how Obama was shaped by his stay in Indonesia into becoming a strong willled, friendly and diplomatic person. As the discussion identifies, from the discrimination he initially received and the questions he had to answer on who he is, Obama learnt on his identity. This identity in the end made him believe that he could do anything because the differences he had did not limit him in any way from doing anything that others did. The movie identifies that as he interacted and conflicted, he learnt on the need to take paths of diplomacy. According to the movie, in the country, Obama made friends across the social and cultural divide and thus le ant on the need to be friendly. Adams, Jonathan. Movie about Obama’s childhood opens today. 1/7/2010. Web. https://www.aol.com/news/ Asia Society. Barack Obama on Film: ane movie reccounts president Barack  Obama’s childhood in Indonesia. 21/3/2011. Web.. https://asiasociety.org/barack-obama-film

How to Write a Great Process Essay

How to Write a Great Process Essay How-to essays, also known as process essays, are much like recipes; they provide instruction for carrying out a procedure or task. You can write a how-to essay about any procedure that you find interesting, just as long as your topic fits the teachers assignment. Steps for Writing a Process Essay The first step in writing your how-to essay is brainstorming. Here are tips to help you brainstorm: Draw a line down the middle of a sheet of paper to make two columns. Label one column materials and the other column steps.Next, begin to empty your brain. Write down every item, and every step you can think of that will be needed to carry out your task. Dont worry about trying to keep things in order yet. Just empty your head.Once youve noted every fact you can think of, start to number your steps on your brainstorming page. Just jot a number beside each item/step. You may need to erase and scribble a few times to get the order right. Its not a neat process.Your next job is to write an outline. Your essay could contain a numbered list (like you are reading now), or it could be written as a standard narrative essay. If you are instructed to write a step-by-step without using numbers, your essay should contain all the elements of any other essay assignment: an introductory paragraph, a body, and a conclusion. The difference is that your introduction will explain why your topic is impo rtant or relevant. For example, your paper about How to Wash a Dog would explain that dog hygiene is important for your pets good health. Your first body paragraph should contain a list of necessary materials. For example: The equipment you will need depends somewhat on the size of your dog. At the very minimum, you will need dog shampoo, a large towel, and a container large enough to hold your dog. And, of course, you will need a dog.The next paragraphs should contain instructions for following steps in your process, as enumerated in your outline.Your summary explains how your task or process should turn out if it is done correctly. It may also be appropriate to re-state the importance of your topic. Topics to Write About You may believe that you are not expert enough to write a process essay. Not true at all! There are many processes that you go through every day that you can write about. The real goal in this type of assignment is to show that you can write a well-organized essay. Read over the suggested topics below for a little inspiration: How to Make a Perfect Paper AirplaneHow to Dye Your HairHow to Wear MakeupHow to Survive a Weekend With FamilyHow to Play Basketball The topics are endless!

MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS - Essay Example It does not opt for any visual advertisement – print or media. Its organization structure is divisional in nature and it pays due attention to the environmental security and safety of its employees and non- employees. It is recommended that the company should pay more attention to advertising. It should launch itself into billboard and newspaper advertising which are cheaper and efficient ways of advertising to create brand recall. It should also make use of its website to spread the word of mouth. A major limitation of this project is the unavailability of the financial data. Inspite of repeated attempts to procure the data from the organization, the authors of this report were unable to fetch any data beyond 2004-2005. The report aims at highlighting particulars of the company with respect to its marketing, operations, finance and environmental aspects. It encompasses the background/history of the company, its present activities and its future business plans. Stone & Ceramic Ltd is involved in the design, fabrication, supply, installation & maintenance of natural stones, porcelain, mosaic, ceramic tiles & slab format. It has supplied its products and services in various business sectors such as transportation, hotels, residential, commercial, government, leisure, refurbishment and retail. Its exposure to various sectors speaks for its vast range of products/services. Their ‘objective is to develop into a Specialist dual trade, (Stonework & Tiling) Contractor that operates in the mid to high sector market for Primary repeat Clients’ ( Stone & Ceramic Ltd., 2009) To achieve its stated objectives, the company strives to make its contracts comprehensive enough to convey the range of services offered and maintain an acceptable clear price for the works in the contracts. It makes efforts to honour the contracts as per the agreed quality and time. The company believes that the contracts should reflect

Computer Crime and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Crime and Security - Essay Example Later investigations revealed that it was an insider incident, involved the theft of subsequent selling of patients' credit card numbers, and that the activities emanates from the Call Centre. Having provided you with a general overview of the situation, I will now explain its potential and actual consequences, summarize the results of the post-mortem and clarify both lessons learnt and future action. In regulating conduct related to the use of computers, the United States government currently defines a computer as "an electronic, optical, electrochemical, or other high-speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such a device" (United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (e)(l), 1984, cited in Kipper, 2007, p. 194). This definition accounts for the way in which IT has fused data storage, computing and telecommunications technologies and in so doing, touches upon the potential of both the computing and telecommunications technologies to violate the integrity and confidentiality of the stored data. The United States Department Of Commerce (2000) highlighted this threat in its report on the proliferation of computer use and internet access, not just in the United States but, across the world. As the greater majority of corporat ions, both in the United States and worldwide, are relying on IT for data storage and processing, increased popular access to IT renders corporate systems vulnerable to unauthorized penetration and the associate accessing of private and confidential data (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000). While it is the responsibility of corporate entities to ensure the securitization of their networks, absolute inviolability is practically impossible to achieve. It is, thus, that recent years have witnessed the ever-increasing adoption of computers in the commission of crimes of fraud and theft (Power, 2000). Our company has recently fallen victim to one such incident. 3 Incident Overview On January 16th, 2008, a periodic review of our IT activities logs evidenced a string of unusual activities. Almost 10,000 patient files had been accessed and the data they contained had been transferred to an external medium, possibly an external hard drive. The IT department had no record of authorizing any individual this level of access and, indeed, there was no legitimate justification for the access of 10,000 patient files. The incident was terribly worrisome as these files contain sensitive data such as patients' social security, insurance and credit card numbers, not to mention home and place of employment addresses and contact information. The IT department immediately contacted the Legal Department and appraised its Director of the situation who, in turn, contacted law enforcement and did the same. 4 Post Mortem After reporting the incident to the Legal Department and law enforcement officials, the IT department launched an intensive post mortem investigation. The investigation, which followed standard procedures which will be described shortly, had several objectives. These were the identification of the source, as in whether it was an insider or outsider incident;

Galileo Galilei And His Impact Theology Religion Essay

Galileo Galilei And His Impact Theology Religion Essay Galileo Galilei was a pioneer of modern science during a time period that revolved around religion, causing the great debate of religion versus science. His effect on his time period changed how people thought about the world and introduced science to everyone, rather than just the wealthy. His lasting accomplishments have made him one of the most influential scientists in world history. He made astounding discoveries in astronomy, mathematics, and physics; many of which are still used today. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. He was born to a noble family but had financial struggles which his father, an accomplished lutenist, tried to fix by giving music lessons (Fermi, 1996). Galileo had displayed an exemplary ability to learn at an early age, and his father decided that Galileo should attend the University of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Fermi, 1996). During his time at school, Galileo became interested in natural processes and science, and his life as one of the most renowned scientists ever had begun. During the 16th and 17th centuries when Galileo lived, the Scientific Revolution was slowly gaining more influence. The revolution began with Nicolas Copernicus with his heliocentric ideas and ended with Sir Isaac Newton and the discovery of multiple natural laws (Hatch, 2002). The reason this explosion of scientific discovery was known as a revolution was due to the radical ideas that scientists had put forth in relation to the ideas the Church had established in Western civilization. Before the Scientific Revolution began, the general understanding of the world was solely based on religion. The Revolution allowed people to replace their religious belief with facts and reason. This was not an easy transition, however, because religion and science have opposing ideals and during the Scientific Revolution these ideals clashed. The Roman Catholic Church, the largest and most influential Christian Church throughout history, had massive influence in Western civilization in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Church dominated most of the Western social life as their interpretation of the bible was the only accepted explanation to natural occurrences in the world (Hatch, 2002). Most scientific theories at the time were proposed by theologians, and all science that was taught was through the texts of these theologians and was universally accepted as true (Newall, 2005). Aristotle and Ptolemy were also referenced heavily in the Church. Church influence had begun to wane early in the 1500s, however, because of the Protestant Revolution and the rise of scientific theories proposed by scientists. These scientists, such as Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei, had done experiments and discovered that their results didnt match up with the Churchs results. This led to a conflict between scientific and theological scien ce (Newall, 2005). The beginning of the differences between accepted scientific laws given by the Church and the actual scientists began with the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and his De Revolutionibus, a book that explained that the earth revolved around the sun. Copernicus was timid about publishing the book because it went against almost 1400 years of the belief that the earth was the center of the universe, and the sun revolved around it (Fermi, 1996). Unfortunately for Copernicus, his book was very difficult to understand and did not gain any popularity. The small group of scientists that could understand Copernicus book would usually lecture about it, as it proposed more factual evidence as opposed to the theological teachings (Fermi, 1996). These scientists who agreed with Copernicus were known as Copernicans, and sought to spread his ideas. One of the most prominent Copernicans was Galileo Galilei. Before Galileo began his research on the Copernican Theory, he conducted experiments on laws of motion. Galileo was taught Aristotelian science, which was very inaccurate at the time. Galileo believed that Aristotles theory that objects fall according to their weight was false, so he publicly demonstrated an experiment where he dropped a large ball and a small ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, noting that they landed at about the same time (Drake, 1980). Galileo states the difference in his experiment and Aristotles in his book De Motu (meaning On Motion), stating Aristotle says that a hundred-pound ball falling from a height of a hundred cubits hits the ground before a one-pound ballà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I say they arrive at the same time. You find, on making the test, that the larger ball beats the smaller one by two inchesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Speaking only of my tiny error, remain silent about his enormous mistake (Drake, 1980). Galileo called this the Law of Falling Bodies, stating that objects fall with the same acceleration (Drake, 1980). This was the precursor to Isaac Newtons first law of motion, which is still accepted today. Galileo made other great strides in physics and mathematics before he moved onto different subjects in science. Galileo has shown his mathematical skill when he created his military compass, or sector. This sector consisted of two rulers and an axis, and was used for many mathematical calculations (Fermi 1996). The sector was able to do many mathematical problems similar to our calculators today. During the sixteenth century, when there were many wars going on, it was especially helpful in military situations, such as figuring the formation of an army, the weight and arc of a cannonball, or the incline of certain environments (Fermi, 1996). This led to the sector being known as the military compass. In the early 1600s Galileo became interested in the invention of the early magnifying glass. He attempted to make his own version of the magnifying glass, and according to Stillman Drake (1996), he reasoned that one of the two lenses must be convex and the other concave, and on fitting such a spectacle lenses in a lead tube he found that it worked (pg. 46). His first magnifying glass was powerful enough to see ships approaching a couple of hours before they could be seen by the naked eye (Drake, 1980). After many hours of grinding and experimenting with different lenses, Galileo was able to create the first telescope. With his telescope, which was incredibly powerful for the time period, Galileo began his career as an astronomer. In May of 1609, Galileo used his telescope to look at the moon. He discovered that, contrary to everyones belief, the moon had mountains and craters all over it. Soon by January 1610, he had improved his telescope to be able to see Jupiter. Galileo noticed objects revolving around Jupiter and discovered them as moons (Shea, 2003). This was a huge step for Galileo in proving that the earth revolved around the sun and that the earth had a moon that revolved around it. After Galileo made his discovery, he published an article, saying: Here we have a powerful and elegant argument to remove the doubts of those who accept without difficulty that the planets revolve around the sun in the Copernican system, but are so disturbed to see the Moon alone revolve around the earth while accompanying it in its annual revolution about the Sunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ our eyes show us four stars that wander around Jupiter, as does the Moon around the earth and these stars together with Jupiter describe a large circle around the Sun in a period of twelve years. (Shea, 1993) As Galileo observed the skies more frequently, he made more discoveries that proved Copernicanism was correct. While he made these discoveries, the Church had begun to persecute Galileo. Galileos work was censored by the Church while he published, so many of his studies werent completely published. The reason that Galileo was persecuted as opposed to other scientists before him was because of his ability to write in common Italian (as opposed to Latin) in a popular tone. This allowed everyone from scientists to bakers to read his works, and his works became immensely popular and were translated into several languages (Fermi, 1996). Because these works were so popular, it weakened the Churchs influence rapidly, forcing them to put Galileo under house arrest for the rest of his life. Galileo lived almost 400 years ago, but his contributions to science and astronomy have made a lasting impression on our world today. His creation of the telescope and his studies of the universe completely revolutionized how we view space, and without him it might have taken longer for mankind discover the earth revolves around the sun. Galileo was also able to make great strides in physics, such as discovering that everything that falls will fall at a uniform rate. Many people credit Newton with discovering this law of physics as it is stated as Newtons First Law of Motion, but Galileo was the one responsible for creating the first experiments to prove the law true. Galileo was also one of the first scientists to take a stand against theological thinking and promote scientific evidence, which is still a conflict that exists today. Considering Galileos accomplishments throughout his life, he is one of the most important and influential scientists in world history.

Individual Behavior (Organizations) Essay

Individual behavior is considered as one of the main determinants of the productivity of a given organization. The said relationship is believed to be very important that an entire academic discipline was created to focus on its study. Organizational behavior is a field of study that concentrates on describing, understanding, predicting and controlling human behavior in an organizational setting. It is divided into four sub-fields – individual behavior, group behavior, organizational structure and organizational processes. These allow organizational behavior to study a wide range of topics, such as personality, job satisfaction, leadership, group dynamics and the impact of stress on work (Answers, 2008). Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations It is true that human behavior varies from one person to another due to their individual differences. However, organizational behavior scientists argued that individual behavior is made up of the same elements. These elements must be identified in order to establish predictability in the study of human behavior. The consistency of these elements result in the development of reasonably accurate predictions of individual behavior (NEU-CBA, n. d. ). Understanding Individuals in Organization Organizational behavior scientists use the psychological contract in their study in order to understand the members of a particular organization. Psychological contract refers to a member’s expectations based on his or her contributions and the organization’s inducements. Contributions are what the member provides to the organization. Inducements, on the other hand, are what the organization will provide the member in exchange for the latter’s contributions (Abelson, 2006). Personality and Individual Behavior In sharp contrast to psychological contract, the element of personality and individual behavior assert that individual behavior within an organization is determined by â€Å"the relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another† (Abelson, 2006). One of the most popular personality frameworks is the â€Å"Big Five† Personality Traits. It is composed of the following: a) Agreeableness – A person’s ability to establish good relationships with others b) Conscientiousness – The number of goals of which a person strives hard to achieve c) Negative emotionality – The extent to which an individual can remain poised, calm, resilient and secure d) Extraversion – The level of comfort a person has with interpersonal relationships e) Openness – An individual’s flexibility in terms of beliefs and interests (Abelson, 2006) Attitudes and Individual Behavior Attitudes are the beliefs and feelings that people have regarding certain ideas, situations or other people. Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individuals encounters other people who does not share his or her attitudes. The element of attitudes and individual behavior believe that members of an organization behave the way they do because it is their means of dealing with people who possess attitudes that are different from theirs. For an organization to be productive, its member must learn how to respect each other’s differences and work as a team despite their diversity in beliefs, attitudes and values (Abelson, 2006). Work-related Attitudes It must be noted, however, that individual behavior in an organization can also be influenced by attitudes that were developed in the workplace. Some examples of work-related attitudes are the following: a) Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction – An attitude that reflects the amount of pleasure or fulfillment that an individual achieves from his or her work b) Organizational Commitment – An attitude that measures a person’s degree of affinity with the organization itself c) Affect and Mood in Organizations i. Positive Affectivity – A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of optimism and well-being; sees things in a positive light ii. Negative affectivity – A tendency to exhibit an overall sense of pessimism and gloom; sees things negatively (Abelson, 2006). Perception and Individual Behavior This element defines a person’s behavior as a result of his or her perception, or the set of processes by which he or she becomes aware of his or her environment and starts to interpret information about it. One of the most detrimental forms of perception is selective perception, or the practice of disregarding information that a person feels uncomfortable with or goes against his or her own beliefs. Selective perception may lead to stereotyping or the usage of a single attribute to categorize or label other people. Selective perception may also result in scapegoating or making other people take responsibility for one’s own faults and shortcomings (Abelson, 2006). Stress and Individual Behavior Stress is â€Å"an individual’s response to a strong stimulus,† called a stressor (Ableson, 2006). The general cycle of the human body experiencing and recovering from stress is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Often caused by task, physical, role and interpersonal demands, one of the major effects of stress is burnout, or the feeling of exhaustion produced by undergoing stress for prolonged periods of time (Abelson, 2006). Experts categorized people into two types, depending on how much they can endure stress. â€Å"Type A† people were those who are very competitive, hardworking and are extremely particular when it comes to time. â€Å"Type B† people, on the other hand, were those who were not as hardworking, dilligent and time-conscious. It was said that â€Å"Type A† people were more likely to experience burnout than â€Å"Type B† individuals (Abelson, 2006). Creativity in Organizations This element stresses the importance of an organization’s creativity in affecting the behavior of its members. An organization that is always able to come up with new ideas or new perspectives that will improve existing ideas have a greater chance of improving productivity among its members than an organization who strictly adheres to convention and does not welcome innovation. Types of Workplace Behavior The effectiveness of an organization is very much affected by workplace behavior, or the pattern of action exhibited by its members while working. Workplace behavior is categorized into four types: a) Performance Behaviors – The â€Å"total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display† (Abelson, 2006). An organization’s performance behaviors is usually indicated in its manual for its members. Performance behaviors are one of the organization’s ways of communicating to its members what are its objectives and how will these be attained. b) Withdrawal Behaviors – Characterized by the absence of an organization’s members i. Absenteeism – When people develop a habitual pattern of not showing up for work ii. Turnover – When people resign from their jobs c) Organizational Citizenship – When people display behavior that contributes positively and immensely to their organization. d) Dysfunctional Behaviors – Behaviors that are detrimental to organizational performance (e. g. stealing office property, fighting in the office premises, reporting to work in improper attire, etc. ) When a person shows dysfunctional behavior, he or she is sending the message that he or she does not belong to the organization that he or she joined and that he or she has contempt for those who do. In addition, the person who exhibits dysfunctional behavior also has contempt for the organization itself, as well as for its objectives (Abelson, 2006). Conclusion An organization is composed of individual members who have different backgrounds, beliefs, values and principles. Hence, it is very crucial to train them how to work harmoniously with one another despite their differences. By identifying the elements of individual behavior in an organization, employers can establish standards and rules that are firm but at the same time considerate towards the workers’ needs. Not only will the company prosper; the employees will also become better workers and persons as well. References Abelson, M. (2006). Chapter 15 – Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations. PDF File. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://wehner. tamu. edu/mgmt. www/mgmt. 363/non-business_363/Chapter%2015%20%20-%20Griffin%208th%20Edition. pdf. Answers. com. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www. answers. com/topic/organizational-behavior? cat=biz-fin Northeastern University – College of Business Administration (NEU-CBA). (n. d. ). Human Behavior in Organizations: An Introduction. Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://web. cba. neu. edu/~ewertheim/introd/introd. htm

Iron Jawed Angels Essay - 594 Words

This film was dramatic and inspiring. This film opened my eyes to understand the struggles that woman have gone through to get the freedoms that they experience today. I would have to say that one of the definite strengths of this film was the cast itself. Because of the nature of this film, I could get a real sense of the actual â€Å"suffering† of these women. I would have to admit that I was completely ignorant on how this suffrage movement has literally shaped the voting rights of women in America. All my life I have heard about that great day when women were granted the right to vote. Never in a million years did I expect to witness such hostility towards women according to this dramatization based on American history. Actress†¦show more content†¦The costumes were convincing, the make up, the set designs, and the backdrops, were extremely impressive. One of the most memorable aspects of this movie was the emotional indifferences between Alice Paul and her best friend Lucy Barnes. Lucy expressed a lot of sentiments of being lonely and wanting to start a family in the middle of the struggle. I found great appreciation for this aspect of the film because it shows the emotional and softer side of these women. There was another character in this film that I felt was most dramatic, and that was Inez Milholland (Julia Ormond). She was a radical, strong, deviant-thinking, and outside of the box type of woman. Her character really gave this film a hero, other than Alice Paul of course. The only weakness that I found with this film was during the beginning of the suffrage parade the soundtrack was not consistent with the time period. I would recognize this genre of music as hip hop or some type of cotemporary music. This music was jarring to me being that this film attempted to depict a movement dating back to the 1800’s. There was another character in this film by the name of Emily Leighton which was the wife of a senator. There was one scene in the film that is worth mentioning in this evaluation. Lucy Barnes asked Emily Leighton if she wanted to volunteer to help women gain the right to vote for equal rights. Emily Leighton replies â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedIron Jawed Angels Essay640 Words   |  3 Pageswere seen working in factories or as teachers but they had no say in the government. Thanks to a few women dedicated to making a difference, women have become more independent and now have a say in the government if they choose too. The movie Iron Jawed Angels depicts a group of women who wanted women to have a voice in politics. First thing they had to do was get women the right to vote. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were the two leaders of the NWP (National Womans Party). The two women are an inspirationRead MoreEssay On The Iron Jawed Angels1418 Words   |  6 PagesEverything they worked hard for did not belong to them but to their father or husband. The fight started gradually until it grew stronger later in the 1900s. With the help of great leaders, they could be more powerful on a state-to-state basis. The Iron Jawed Angels is a movie that was released in 2004. It was set in the 1910s and focuses on the major flaw of women’s suffrage. Directed by Katja von Garneir, the drama film depicts two women activists, Alice Paul (Hilary Swank) and Lucy Burns (Frances O’ Connor)Read MoreIron Jawed Angels2588 Words   |  11 PagesTitle: Summary, Reaction, and Analysis Paper #1: Iron-Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a story of two women fighting for women’s rights. They led the struggle for the passage of the 19th amendment to the constitution which gave women the right to vote. These two women along with others petitioned, campaigned, and picketed to publicize the issue. After being arrested for â€Å"traffic violations† a group of women spent time in Occoquan Workhouse. 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In the film, director Katja von Garnier, follows these women and the efforts they put forth as members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and later the work they did as founders of the National Womans Party (NWP). The film showcases the trials that Alice Paul and Lucy Burns had to overcome, not just from oppo sition found within NAWSA, but also among societyRead MoreIron Jawed Angels By Katja Von Garnier1651 Words   |  7 Pages Iron Jawed Angels, by Katja von Garnier, is a non-fictional drama about a group of women who do everything they can and will do in order to the women’s right to vote during the years between 1912 and 1920, as it was started by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and many others in 1890. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, two of the younger women suffragists, join the NAWSA (the National American Woman Suffrage Association) to try to push for the constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage. CarrieRead MoreTime Periods Represented in The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels1318 Words   |  6 Pagessince then with the addition of not only color and audio, but new techniques and new ideas. Both The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels are very popular films about the early 1900’s. Although they share some common thoughts, but because they were made in two complete ly different time periods their focuses are far off from one another and their ideas contrast for the most part. Iron Jawed Angels is an HBO film that was released in 2004 about the American women’s suffrage movement. The movie is set in AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Iron Jawed Angels By Martin Luther King Jr930 Words   |  4 Pagesamong black and white people. In Dr. Kings essay â€Å"Three ways of Responding to Oppression, he clearly states three ways to deal with oppression. Dr. King believed the best defense against oppression being that of nonviolent resistance. The film Iron Jawed Angels (IJA) is also great example of oppression with the struggle to women rights in the United States. Mr. King stated that there are three ways of oppression that oppressed people deal with, acquiescence, physical violence, and nonviolent resistanceRead MoreIron Jawed Angels : A Film That Portrays The Cruelty And Brutality Woman Faced1326 Words   |  6 PagesIron Jawed Angels is a film that portrays the cruelty and brutality woman faced throughout the Suffrage movement in the 1900s and the Women faced many issues, but some accepted inequality while others waited patiently as asked to for years. Alice Paul and Lucy burns took a stand and stroke up determination within women. Women who were a part of the movement were referred to as suffragists who stood up to the law and asked for the right to vote. They faced many obstacles such as verbal and physicalRead MoreEssay on Impossible is Nothing: One Woman, One Vote911 Words   |  4 Pagespresent information about wars and the passing of importance legislation, however there remains prominent gaps in our understanding of women suffrage for equality--a war that had been going on for half a century. Jennifer Friedess story Iron Jawed Angels produced by Katja von Garnier, underscores the struggle and grief that women suffragists endured, along with providing the viewer with an in-depth understanding of the events, consequences and heroic actions of the activists of the 1920s womens

Top Irish, Scottish and Welsh Artists of the 1980s