The Basic Roles of a Music Publisher free essay sample

The role of the music publisher has evolved over the years, for many music companies, it has become nothing more than a banking operation, and for some, this is at the cost of innovation and passion. But what is the role of a music publisher today? We shall discover†¦ What is the music publisher’s role? In Ann Harrison’s Music: The Business, she explains that a music publisher’s role can be split into three simple steps: 1. To issue licenses to people who want to use music. 2. To actively look for ways to use music (i. e. putting it in an advert/film soundtrack). 3. To collect the income from those licenses and uses. Before elaborating on these three steps, we must first acquaint ourselves with the basic terminology that comes with dealing with a music publisher: The first thing everyone in the circle must understand is the meaning of copyright: * COPYRIGHT is a protection that covers published and unpublished works. We will write a custom essay sample on The Basic Roles of a Music Publisher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It exists at the point of creation, arising automatically. The copyright work, however, must exist in material form, for example, that of a recording or sheet music. * Helen Gammons, The Art of Music Publishing. Copyright subsists throughout original music, artistic, literary and dramatic works; it also subsists in sound recordings, cable programs, broadcasts, film and typographical arrangements of published editions. A copyright in a musical or literary work lasts for 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author/writer dies. If it is a co-written work, then the copyright is in effect until the previous terms are met by the last surviving copyright owner. In a publishing deal/contract, there are six main commercial terms to look out for. They are as follows: * TERRITORY focuses on what countries the deal covers (although most deals are worldwide). * TERM refers to the duration of the deal. If it is an exclusive deal (see below), then all compositions created during the term are within the conditions of the deal. * MINIMUM COMMITMENT underlines the amount of work/songs written, for the writer to meet the deal’s minimum requirements. An example would be (for a non-artist songwriter) – â€Å"five 100% controlled songs (or an ultimate percentage equivalent) released on an approved UK label in each contract period†. This means that a writer could co-write, having 50% ownership of the song, but if this is the case, the writer would have to accumulate the lost 50% on another song. * ADVANCES are the pre-payment of your share of gross income from your songs. This is not a loan, and will not need to be repaid if you leave the deal. The size of the advance will depend on previous earnings/success, the potential earnings, competition, and how much control you have over the album. ROYALTIES are the earnings of the exploitations of your songs from which your advance will be deducted. A typical split in an exclusive deal would be 25% publisher, 75% songwriter. A typical split from a record deal can be around 15%/85% to 20%/80% (record company/songwriter). * RETENTION PERIOD is the length of time after which the writer deal (term) has expired, that the copyrights now spend with the music publisher for them to recoup their advance and make money for the writer. This period can be as short as three years, t o as long as ‘life of copyright’. Step 1 is normally done in conjunction with the collection societies, which is a non-profit organization that represent the interests of publishers, record companies, authors and performers, but the one for music publishers and songwriters (UK) is called the PRS (Performing Right Society). This collection society is specifically for composers, songwriters and music publishers and bears the responsibility of administering the public performance and broadcasting rights of music and lyrics. The PRS is a UK company, and it represents over a million foreign music copyright owners via its affiliation with other collection societies overseas. When you join with the PRS, there is a small joining fee (of which, is constantly changing) and you basically assign your performing rights to the PRS. There is a small criteria to fulfill in order to join the PRS and that is that you have your music either being broadcast on the radio/TV, or it is being performed live. The music publisher will be esponsible for registering your (and now, their) material with the PRS (and collection societies all around the world – this may just require the songwriter to fill in a form and file it with the society, and sometimes it requires a recording and a written copy of the music and lyrics aka. ‘lead sheet’). Step 2 involves the publisher finding uses for the songwriter’s music. The most typical way (if the writer is not an artist) is to find an artist to perform, record and release the song, this works significantly well if a high rolling artist expresses an interest – it could be life-changing. Another brilliant method of getting your music heard is through music synchronisaton or ‘syncing’ – this is when a piece of music is laid over a piece of video to enhance the viewing experience. When songs are ‘synced’, it is a win-win – the video production company benefit from having a professional composition on their video, and the writer and publisher benefit from their music being heard. For example: if you write a contemporary ballad, it might be their prerogative to look into music synchronization in a television drama (e. g. he close of a Grey’s Anatomy episode), or an easy listening acoustic folk song for an advert aimed at the younger audience. Syncing can span across all different kinds of media such as film, radio and video-gaming too. Step 3 of the publisher’s role is to claim his and the writer’s earnings from aforementioned endeavors from the collection societies (briefly touched upon in step 1). If the musi c publisher is on a grander scale, then it is likely that he/she will have companies in many major countries internationally, along with only a few independent music publishers (such as PeerMusic) with a similar system. Smaller music publishers will not have adequate resources to fund such an elaborate scheme, so they appoint local publishers to represent their interests there (sub-publishing; see below). There are four basic types of publishing deals, these are listed below: * ADMINISTRATION DEAL – If you are a songwriter with a vast collection of songs that could potentially earn a viable amount of money, but you don’t have the time or the wherewithal to self-publish by registering with collection societies and managing the role of royalty tracking yourself. Under this agreement, the publisher possesses the right/license to administer said composition/s, but this is not the same as copyright. They can permit/license the use of said songs within different realms of media such as recordings, tapes/CD’s, television (series/adverts), film/DVD etc. , and collect royalties from all music users. This is usually for a specified period of time (term), more often than not around the span of three to five years, and in return for this service, the publisher will negotiate an ‘administration fee’ ranging (usually) between 10% 15% of the gross income earned during the negotiated ‘term’. Certain advantages of this deal are more control over songs, no pressure to deliver a specific amount of material, you keep your copyrights (unless there is good reason for you not to), you can request to be consulted on any controversial use of your material, whether it be associated with violence or simply inappropriate. Disadvantages of this deal would be no advances. * SUB-PUBLISHING DEAL – The sub-publishing deal is for the artist that does not wish to assign all copyright, but does wish the publisher to find new ways of making an income off of their material (songs). This deal consists of transferring ownership of copyright, but there is no general statistic, deals/decisions are made on a case-by-case basis. An advance isn’t out of the question, but it would be contingent on how much of the rights are being handed over to the publisher; that being said, any advance would be small as the reduced assignment of rights means the publisher will not be earning as much compared to an exclusive deal, for example. A sub-publishing deal is an appealing choice for smaller publishers who wish to operate abroad, and they can do this without having to set up a company overseas; instead, they use an overseas company to execute the right to use some or all of the rights in the specified country. * SINGLE SONG ASSIGNMENT – This deal is restricted to a single song, with which the publisher will be assigned the rights of the song and find as many uses for the song as possible. Because it’s a small deal, it is easier to estimate and exploit it’s earning potential, and depending on that, a small advance will be distributed and all the usual accounting and licensing will be carried out. The term of rights can be negotiated; you can either assign the rights for life, or you can arrange a ‘rights period’. Your control over the song’s exploitation may be small – to prevent the publisher being hindered in making money from the song – but you will have an acceptable level of control in terms of lyric changes and commercial usage. EXCLUSIVE PUBLISHING AGREEMENT – This is probably the most important deal, as for every songwriter, this stage in their career is a definitive one. As Ann Harrison explains in Music: The Business, getting an established publisher behind them in this circumstance means that they have arrived, that someone else has faith in their work and is prepared to put money and commitment behind t hat conviction. Under this agreement, the songwriter agrees to assign the rights of all compositions (songs) written during a certain time-frame (aka. Term agreed upon with the publisher). An example of a usual term is two years from a specified date or one year (with four conditional options). You are guaranteed a percentage share of the income earned on songs during, and usually a proviso for weekly or monthly payments (contingent on the scale of which your agreement is drafted). The weekly/monthly payments made to the writer are treated as ‘advances’ , which will ultimately, be recouped from the songwriter’s future royalties. These royalties will be made from record sales, downloads, sheet music, music synchronization, television, film, video-gaming etc. he advantages of this sort of deal is that of stability – the writer is guaranteed a more reliable and steady income as opposed to some previous deals, as the advances help financially while the royalties (which take six months to one year to reach the writer after they have been transacted) are processing. In addition to these deals, newly-founded ‘music companies’ have scour ed the planes looking for other innovative ways to grasp the sources of revenue made by their recording artists. Such deals like the ‘360-degree’ deal or the ‘multiple rights’ agreements, are such methods labels have taken to using, to recover from the losses in the record industry. * THE 360 ° CONCEPT – In The Music Management Bible, Nicola Riches explains that the record company’s rights would traditionally be restricted to the artist’s recordings and (in order to facilitate the exploitation of those recordings) the ancillary rights described above. In recent years, record companies have shown a predatory interest in other areas of their artists’ activities. This trend has been driven by the concern with breaking in new artists; when traditionally, upon signing a new artist, the record company will bear the financial brunt of the investment that is required. Obviously, this works well for the record company if there is an acceptable level of return from record sales, but in this day and age, record says are declining in favour of digital downloads and the invasion of music piracy. This means that the record companies need to recuperate this loss via other means, as the investment is no longer justified when considering the anticipated return. This means that if the record companies are to make a similar investment in artists, they must find some way to increase the return in compensation of this shortcoming. Due to this shift, many artists doubt that they can ever expect to recoup/make enough/much money from record sales, but they need the drive and exposure of the machine that is an established record company to effectively promote their record, concert tickets and/or merchandise. In response to this, record companies have presented the idea that if they are to invest in a record, then it wants a ‘cut’ out of the income of the artist’s related activites. â€Å"In it’s ‘pure’ form the 360 ° concept involves the record company gaining an entitlement to all of the artist’s services in the music business; this would extend to live performance, songwriting, merchandising, sponsorship and so on. † – Nicola Riches, The Music Management Bible Just as with recording deals, music publishing is too suffering changes in the way it is viewed/perceived by smaller operators. Many managers and smaller record labels have expressed an interest in handling publishing rights due to the current changes in the way artists are utilizing music, and the way people are experiencing music. Since the emergence of the ‘digital era’, many shifts in the music industry seemed necessary, one specific change would be the economic repositioning of record labels and music publishers; when before, record labels would develop and promote artists through financing the creations and distributing artists’ recordings, while the music publishers’ roles were to exploit the rights in and to musical compositions. When something as revolutionary as the digital market changes the way the consumer experiences music, it also changes the way the industry’s cogs tick. This is where the seas part between the label and the publisher, because unlike labels, music publishers are not so tightly beholden to the sale of prerecorded music and they are more prepared to adapt to the changing ways in which consumers can obtain and listen to music. Many of the sources from which publishers can collect revenue are: * Public performance Synchronisation of songs (in connection with audiovisual works) * So-called ‘print rights’ (sheet music copyright) * Mechanical reproduction of songs on CD’s/digital downloads When a typical income stream for music publishers is mechanical royalties, and when those mechanical royalties are declining due to the piracy movement, publishers find themselves too, looking for other innovative ways to make this loss back somehow, alongside becoming more effici ent at collecting these royalties and running their companies. Music publishers have begun to take on some of the roles originally only executed by record companies, such as providing studio time for their budding artists to record demos, and some even go as far as to provide financial support to artists when out on tour, or even for basic promotion or press coverage. The reason for this is to give the artist a boost northwards and to help in ways that might be shortcoming of a record label these days. A new method of copyright was issued in recent years when EMI (Electric and Musical Industries) were one of the first publishers to implement song lyrics onto merchandise such as T-shirts, key-rings, mugs, etc. the importance of licensing songs in video has increased too, with many publishers improving/strengthening their synchronization departments. With the existence of independent publishing companies like Kobalt, which have revolutionized the way publishers operate, publishers are striving to become more efficient, and to handle things such as royalties more effectively and systemically.

The economic policy of Germany in 1933-1941 Essays

The economic policy of Germany in 1933-1941 Essays The economic policy of Germany in 1933-1941 Paper The economic policy of Germany in 1933-1941 Paper Essay Topic: Claim of Policy Cited in Mein Kampf and Zweites Buch are Hitlers four main aims concerning economic policy. First, Hitler aimed to create an autarkic system, which would enable Germany to sustain broader hegemony within Europe. Secondly, he intended to target above all the lands in the east. Third, since the latter inevitably involved expansion- and therefore conflict- the economic infrastructure would have to accommodate a considerable increase in military expenditure. But, fourth, he needed the support of the German people and could not therefore risk severely depressing their living standards in any quest for military supremacy. Thus the fundamental question is, did Hitler prioritise any of his aims? The incentive of this is essay is to analyse the Guns v butter debate over the priority of rearmament or the consumer- both expanded, but from 1936 onwards guns were the priority. Hitler came to power after the worst of the Depression. The 1929 Wall Street Crash affected German industry resulting in recession. Six million became unemployed where the employed suffered due to reduced hours and low earnings. Consumer demand fell, as a result of which there was a decline in small shops. Businesses and banks were heavily bankrupt and the Middle class had to rely on soup kitchens as welfare favoured factory workers. In addition they could not purchase overseas-the depressed economy had all the effects of a social catastrophe! To remedy the situation, Chancellor Bruning (1929-32) had introduced a series of deflationary measures, which were intended to promote early recovery even at the expense of accelerating short-term economic decline. There is evidence that his policies were beginning to work: unemployment was already on the downturn and Hitler was able to claim credit for recovery. The period 1933-6 was dominated by the Economics Minister, Hjalmar Schacht, whose New Plan of 1934 was intended to promote Germanys exports, reduce imports, strengthen the currency and establish a series of bilateral trade agreements with those less developed countries which were rich in raw materials. Additionally Germany refused to pay reparations, they directed scarce raw materials to key industries and more critically the control by government of all aspects of trade and currency exchange (growing role of state). For a while therefore there was economic equilibrium. Between 1935 to 1936, however, an economic crisis forced Hitler to make a decision about future priorities. He therefore introduced in 1936 the Four Year Plan, the intention of which was to develop substitutes for essential raw materials, which Germany lacked and to move to a war footing the result was an increase in the rate of rearmament. Military expenditure increased from 1. 9 billion marks in 1933 to 5. 8 billion at the start of the Four Year Plan, rising to 18. 4 billion in 1938 and 32. 3 billion in 1939. The overall aim of the Four Year Plan was to make the armed forces and the economy ready for war within four years. In addition there were another three priorities- one; increase in agricultural production, two; retraining of key sectors of the labour force and three; government regulation of imports and exports. Accompanying rearmament was a series of measures to create a more disciplined workforce. In place of the trade unions, the workforce had to accept membership of organisation such as Strength through Joy (KdF) and Beauty of Labour (SDA) while, at the same time, coming to terms with falling living standards. Two key issues arise from the above outline. One is Hitlers overall economic strategy, more precisely his schemes for territorial expansion and hence the pursuit for restored prestige. The second is the way in which this affected the German people in terms of economic stability and living standards. Historians have often debated the fact that Hitler via economic policy merely wanted to restore the prestige of Germany. Indeed this is true in that Hitler wanted to restore Germanys power to the former Bismarckian success of 1862-90. More crucially Hitler had to detach Germany from the terms of the embarrassing Treaty of Versailles. The Versailles Treaty had robbed Germany of the prestige it maintained in Europe before the First World War. The Treaty was a major setback for Germany, as it resulted in severe population loss and economic loss, primarily in the loss of Alsace and Lorraine and huge reparation payments. Other land lost was Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium, the controversial Polish Corridor and Poznania, Eastern Upper Silesia, Memel and Lithuania. The Rhineland was demilitarised and additional clauses of the treaty included disarmament and the humiliating War Guilt Clause. The overall effects on Germany were: loss of 13% of its territory, 12% of its population or figuratively 6. 5 million German people. The loss of 48% of its iron ore, 16% of its coal and 15% of its agricultural production. Hitler looked at these figures and realised that the Allied forces had ravaged Germany. Additionally he felt Bismarcks successes had been undermined, especially in the loss of Alsace and Lorraine to the French. Thus it was his duty to retrieve what Germany had lost, it was a personal fervent belief on Hitlers behalf to restore the devastated Germany to its former glory. Subsequently Hitler set out to quash the terms of the treaty through rearmament, autarky and pursuit of Lebensraum. All three aims were geared towards inevitable war in the east. Hence the economy needed to be concentrated on war and restoration of kudos rather than living conditions. In Zweite Buch he argued that Germany should abandon its former pursuit of economic power through colonies or attempts to dominate Western Europe and, instead, should be turning our eyes towards the land in the east. In this way Lebensraum could be fulfilled, large peasant communities would eventually be established in the future in Poland and Russia on land carved out of these countries by the German army. German domination would also ensure self-sufficiency in all raw materials and food as well as guaranteed outlets for manufactured goods. Autarky would underpin the future economy; Lebensraum would give autarky geographical cohesion; and rearmament would provide the means of achieving Lebensraum. Accordingly in 1934, Schacht introduced the New Plan promoting and heightening autarky. The Four Year Plan was aimed at making the armed forces and economy ready for war in four years. Hitler made this intention clear in the Hossbach Memorandum, as a result of which Goering, at the Four Year Plan Office, was instructed to place the German economy on a war footing by promoting autarky and developing substitutes for any essential materials which Germany had to import. From 1936 to 1939 rearmament dominated economic growth, exports fell and standards of living were held as growth in the economy was devoted to military spending. From 1936 to 39 two thirds of Germanys industrial investment was devoted to production of steel, iron ore and tools. The production of steel was three times greater than that in Britain and the production of coal was two times greater. From 1939 the German air force increased and was five times greater, including a vast battle fleet and army. Standards of living declined even though Hitler denied this. And by 1939 danger of the economy overheating due to labour/ raw material shortages and the rise in some prices rendered the economy unstable. Previous to 1939 Hitler realised that there just was not enough resources, this conflict with reality led the Nazis to assume a policy of expansionism into the east. Here Hitler was also fulfilling his ideological goal of Lebensraum. After invading Austria and Czechoslovakia Hitler received growing hostility from the elites, army and businessmen as invasion posed a grave risk to the economy. Germany was not ready for until the mid 1940s. However Hitlers miscalculations over the Polish crisis led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany before her plans were complete. Despite the fact that the economy was overheating Hitler achieved success with the Blitzkrieg 1939-1941. It was the only way in which Germany could grow from limited mobilisation by steadily expanding its economic base through a series of rapid and specifically targeted conquests. Blitzkrieg was as much an economic strategy as a military device. By 1941 Blitzkrieg seemed to have produced the required momentum for the achievement of the early stages of Lebensraum. Germany had gained military and economic control over Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Ukraine and a sizeable area of European Russia, as well as direct influence over Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. With these victories, the economic dimension of Lebensraum became clearer. Then came total war, which wrecked the new economic order. Total war is often projected as the logical final step: the total mobilisation of the economy to enable it to achieve the final stage. Actually, it was a response to failure to achieve a rapid victory through Blitzkrieg. It was an admission that the previous delicate balance between consumer and military needs could no longer be maintained. Above all, it was a struggle for survival as, from 1942 onwards; the tide began to turn with the military recovery of the Soviet Union and the entry of the United States into the war. Despite the best efforts of Armaments Minister, Albert Speer, the German economy proved far less adaptable to total war than those of its three main rivals. It was massively out produced in terms of war material by the United States and the Soviet Union, while even Britain, with a smaller, economic base, managed to maintain a larger output of aircraft and artillery. It seems the total war was a desperate attempt to cling on to the Lebensraum already achieved rather than its logical completion. There is an open debate about the relationship between Blitzkrieg and total war. Either the Blitzkrieg economy was the initially successful step towards Lebensraum, which was then reversed by the disasters of total war. Or the drive for Lebensraum through total war was impeded by the intrusion of Blitzkrieg. Thus far, it seems from the analysis that Hitler was trying to restore prestige by retrieving lands lost due to the Versailles Treaty. He was also determined to achieve autarky and massive rearmament to assist the war effort. War itself was a means to restore Germany to the glorious days of the Bismarckian era, when there was unmitigated German hegemony. It was also fundamental to Hitlers belief concerning struggle, All nature is one great struggle between strength and weakness, an eternal victory of the strong over the weak The nation which would violate this elementary law would rot away. Hence, Hitlers economic policy was an attempt to create a war economy that fulfilled ideological beliefs and key foreign policy endeavours. Now, the question remains- during the years 1933 to 41, were the German people better off as a result of Hitlers economic policies? There seemed to be much to support the view that Germany was experiencing a return to prosperity after the trauma of the Depression- the time of recovery. For one thing, unemployment was in rapid decline. The figure had stood at 4. million in 1933, dropping thereafter to 2. 7 million in 1934, 2. 2 million in 1935, 1. 6 million in 1936, 0. 9 million in 1937, 0. 4 million in 1938 and a mere 0. 1 million by 1939. This was far more rapid than in the reduction of unemployment in comparable economies such as the United States and France, while Britain still had 1. 8 million on the dole in 1938. Corresponding with the decline in unemployment was an increase in wages. Falling to a low in 1933 of 70 per cent of their 1928 level, these had recovered to 75 per cent by 1934, 80 per cent by 1936 and 85 per cent by 1938. Thus by a decisive factor more and more people became better off during the six years after 1933. They were also part of a general increase in prosperity represented by a steady growth of Germanys national income from 44 billion marks in 1933 to 80 billion in 1938. This was particularly impressive since the 1938 figure was actually greater than the 72 billion of 1928, despite the fall in the value of the mark in the meantime. The workforce benefited at certain key outlets within the economy as the production of some consumer goods seemed to take off. Germans, for example, became the worlds largest owners of radio sets, while progress was also made in developing the comparatively cheap Volkswagen car. Added to these benefits was the vast range of activities provided in Strength through Joy: these included concerts, operas, theatres, cabaret, films, guided tours, sporting events and gymnastics, cruises and hikes. Meanwhile Beauty of Labour did much to improve working conditions, reduce problems such as noise levels and increase cooperation and solidarity in the workplace. Certainly the workforce as a whole was far better off than that in the Soviet Union. It was not, generally, in constant dread of being denounced to the Gestapo or being forced to reach unrealistic targets by being driven to breaking point. Overall it is easy to see why contemporaries should have seen Nazi Germany as a country undergoing a transformation in its economy to the ultimate benefit of its people. There are, however, fundamental problems with this line of reasoning. Its underlying assumption is that any improvements after 1933 were due directly and solely to Hitlers policies. But this flawed, on two accounts. First, there is more continuity between the early polices of the Third Reich and the later policies of the Weimar Republic than is often realised. Secondly, the policy of Bruning created a dynamic, which was of double benefit to Hitler. In ruthlessly taking control of the economy, Bruning intended to deal forcefully with the problems as quickly as possible in order to enable Germany to come through the other side of the economic crisis more quickly than any of the other leading industrial powers. This benefited Hitlers reputation by creating a huge peak of unemployment, which Hitler could not help but alleviate. And, by the time that Hitler had come to power, the worse was over as Brunings policies were beginning to have an admittedly belated impact. Hitler inherited a disastrous situation, which was just about on the mend. There was also reduced attention to consumer needs. Workers were producing proportionately more in terms of heavy industrial goods and armaments than they consumed. It can also be deduced from import and export figures that the general flow of trade was not in the consumers interest. The consumer suffered in two ways the imposition of tight import controls by Schacht and the huge drop in consumer goods from abroad. As to the new employee organisations, these may have had certain benefits and attractions, but they were very much in line with the aims of a totalitarian regime. The workforce was strictly regulated even down to its use of free time. This was done partly to break any desire to revive consumer habits, which would draw off resources from rearmament, and partly to keep open the channels of propaganda and indoctrination. The KdF and SDA were therefore no substitute for the trade unionism, which had been banned by Hitler in 1933. It has been discovered that the employment figures under the Nazi regime are artificial. Jews, some married women, political prisoners in concentration camps and so on- disappeared from the unemployment registers for ideological reasons. The Nazis claimed to have eliminated unemployment, but only because they had created a distorted economic system. Additionally workers had to pay their dues new employee organisations, and the organisations greatest scam, the Volkswagen, brought in tens of millions of marks- and not one car was delivered! In reality, the German workforce was putting in longer hours for a fractional notional increase in wages. In real terms wages were in decline compared to the increase in the standard of living. The input that workers had put into the economy was substantial but largely one-way: it fed into rearmament but received few consumables in exchange. Returning to the initial question the German people were not much better off and it seems that the standard of living was falling, not rising! Conclusively, it would seem from my analysis that the restoration of prestige was more important than the achievement of economic stability or the raising of the standard of living, in relation to economic policy of Germany in 1933-41. Indeed, Hitler forced the economy to execute his ideological beliefs, in particular, the quest for Lebensraum by means of conflict. To achieve his aspirations he had to discount the welfare of his workers- after all, Lebensraum would be the German nations long-term economic salvation. Hence, guns were more significant than butter. However, it would be ludicrous to claim that the German people did not benefit from the regime at all. If anything, success in foreign policy gave them hope of a better and united future, devoid of chaos.

Spain and the New Laws of 1542

Spain and the New Laws of 1542 The â€Å"New Laws† of 1542 were a series of laws and regulations approved by the King of Spain in November of 1542 to regulate the Spaniards who were enslaving the natives in the Americas, particularly in Peru. The laws were extremely unpopular in the New World and directly led to a civil war in Peru. The furor was so great that eventually King Charles, fearing that he would lose his new colonies entirely, was forced to suspend many of the more unpopular aspects of the new legislation. Conquest of the New World The Americas had been discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus: a papal bull in 1493 divided the newly-discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. Settlers, explorers, and conquistadors of all sorts immediately began heading to the colonies, where they tortured and killed the natives by the thousands to take their lands and wealth. In 1519, Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico: about fifteen years later Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca Empire in Peru. These native empires had much gold and silver and the men who participated became very wealthy. This, in turn, inspired more and more adventurers to come to the Americas in the hopes of joining the next expedition that would conquer and loot a native kingdom. The Encomienda System With the major native empires in Mexico and Peru in ruins, the Spanish had to put a new system of government in place. The successful conquistadors and colonial officials used the encomienda system. Under the system, an individual or family was given lands, which generally had natives living on them already. A sort of deal was implied: the new owner was responsible for the natives: he would see to their instruction in Christianity, their education and their safety. In return, the natives would supply food, gold, minerals, wood or whatever valuable commodity could be extracted from the land. The encomienda lands would pass from one generation to the next, allowing the families of the conquistadors to set themselves up like local nobility. In reality, the encomienda system was little more than slavery by another name: the natives were forced to work in fields and mines, often until they literally dropped dead. Las Casas and the Reformers Some opposed the ghastly abuses of the native population. As early as 1511 in Santo Domingo, a friar named Antonio de Montesinos asked the Spanish by what right had they invaded, enslaved, raped and robbed a people who had done them no harm. Bartolomà © de Las Casas, a Dominican priest, began asking the same questions. Las Casas, an influential man, had the ear of the king, and he told of the needless deaths of millions of Indians- who were, after all, Spanish subjects. Las Casas was quite persuasive and King Charles of Spain finally decided to do something about the murders and torture being carried out in his name. The New Laws The â€Å"New Laws,† as the legislation came to be known, provided for sweeping changes in Spain’s colonies. The natives were to be considered free, and the owners of the encomiendas could no longer demand free labor or services from them. They did need to pay a certain amount of tribute, but any extra work was to be paid for. Natives were to be treated fairly and given expanded rights. Encomiendas granted to members of the colonial bureaucracy or the clergy were to be returned to the crown immediately. The clauses of the New Laws most disturbing to the Spanish colonists were the ones that declared forfeiture of encomiendas or native laborers by those who had participated in civil wars (which was nearly all of the Spaniards in Peru) and a provision that made encomiendas not hereditary: all encomiendas would revert to the crown upon the death of the current holder. Revolt and Repeal Reaction to the New Laws was swift and drastic: all over the Spanish Americas, conquistadors and settlers were enraged. Blasco Nuà ±ez Vela, the Spanish Viceroy, arrived in the New World in early 1544 and announced that he intended to enforce the New Laws. In Peru, where the former conquistadors had the most to lose, the settlers rallied behind Gonzalo Pizarro, last of the Pizarro brothers (Hernando Pizarro was still alive but in prison in Spain). Pizarro raised an army, declaring that he would defend the rights that he and so many others had fought so hard for. At the battle of Aà ±aquito in January of 1546, Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, who died in battle. Later, an army under Pedro de la Gasca defeated Pizarro in April of 1548: Pizarro was executed. Pizarro’s revolution was put down, but the revolt had shown the King of Spain that the Spaniards in the New World (and Peru in particular) were serious about protecting their interests. Although the king felt that morally, the New Laws were the right thing to do, he feared that Peru would declare itself an independent kingdom (many of Pizarro’s followers had urged him to do just that). Charles listened to his advisors, who told him that he had better seriously tone down the New Laws or he risked losing parts of his new empire. The New Laws were suspended and a watered-down version was passed in 1552. Legacy The Spanish had a mixed record in the Americas as a colonial power. The most horrendous abuses occurred in the colonies: natives were enslaved, murdered, tortured and raped in the conquest and early part of the colonial period and later they were disenfranchised and excluded from power. Individual acts of cruelty are too numerous and dreadful to list here. Conquistadors like Pedro de Alvarado and Ambrosius Ehinger reached levels of cruelty that are nearly inconceivable to modern sentiments. As horrible as the Spanish were, there were a few enlightened souls among them, such as Bartolomà © de Las Casas and Antonio de Montesinos. These men fought diligently for native rights in Spain. Las Casas produced books on the subjects of Spanish abuses and was not shy about denouncing powerful men in the colonies. King Charles I of Spain, like Ferdinand and Isabela before him and Philip II after him, had his heart in the right place: all of these Spanish rulers demanded that the natives be treated fairly. In practice, however, the goodwill of the king was difficult to enforce. There was also an inherent conflict: the King wanted his native subjects to be happy, but the Spanish crown grew ever more dependent on the steady flow of gold and silver from the colonies, much of which was produced by slave labor in the mines. As for the New Laws, they marked an important shift in Spanish policy. The age of conquest was over: bureaucrats, not conquistadors, would hold power in the Americas. Stripping the conquistadors of their encomiendas meant nipping the burgeoning noble class in the bud. Although King Charles suspended the New Laws, he had other means of weakening the powerful New World elite and within a generation or two most of the encomiendas had reverted to the crown anyway.

Analyzing Messages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing Messages - Essay Example With this, she invites Spencer to visit them when he gets the time. The email correspondence reveals two important aspects of written communication. First, the kind of language people use in written business correspondence depends on the relationship between them. Second, factors like gender and technology also come into play. Specifically, the language of the email is formal, similar to other business letters. The relationship between the two as service provider and client effects the formality of the correspondence. If the situation is reversed and Spencer will be the one to email Megan, thinking that Spencer is the service provider, the language could be more esteeming and polite as what can be seen in the second letter. Gender could have also played an important part in Megan’s writing. Being a woman, she did not want to be misinterpreted, thus kept the language formal. Also, her email is brief and no sense of closeness or endearment may be felt. The last line that says, â€Å"Do visit us when you have time† is a cordial invitation normal between a client and service provider. There are no terms used to signify personal closeness. Megan’s position in the company also plays a part in the construction of her email. Being the HR Manager, she is in the position to invite Spencer over to their office. Nevertheless, considering that Spencer is the Operations Manager in Cunninghams, she also included the clause â€Å"when you have time† to acknowledge how busy Spencer could be. As Steinberg (2007) notes, the style of communication is important in interpersonal communication. In this particular example, the use of technology as a communication style is very appropriate. The purpose and formality of the subject matter called for formality and such was achieved through emails. I hope this email finds you well. I am very glad to announce that Cunninghams, Inc. has just established a branch office in San Francisco, California as part of its

What music means to me. Rock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What music means to me. Rock - Essay Example 27). I believe this is a thoroughly accurate and insightful comment about the role that music plays in the human experience. If we look around to the different periods and different cultures of the world throughout humankind’s history, we see music as one of the few timeless facts of existence. Music is touching, as Mr. Joel says, because it expresses the inexpressible. In other words, it allows us to connect to concepts, emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and the knowledge of other people, just by the simple act of listening. Going from the beginning of my life to the present moment, I can think quite clearly of the defining soundtrack to that progression of events. Starting in the mid- to late-1970s, which was during my childhood years, I can recall bits and pieces of my favorite music. I know that classics like â€Å"Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer† and other Christmas songs were still very much popular. More generally, however, I remember Schoolhouse Rock! very vividly be ing a big hit at my school and with my parents. Schoolhouse Rock! was a television program that had a number of hit musical recordings for children. I think that the social aspect of Schoolhouse Rock! helps me remember so much about it, partly because it was so incredibly popular with kids my age. I preferred â€Å"Science Rock† the most, probably because it reflected my young interest in the sciences, particularly space and physics. It would make me feel happy about my love of learning as a young kid in physics class. Also from my childhood, I remember loving Mister Rogers Neighborhood and the songs he would sing to his television audience. His voice is iconic of my time as a young child growing up in front of the television. In my adolescence, between 1984 and 1991, my taste in music started to be influenced by my family and friends. In 1984, at 11, Stevie Wonder was my favorite performer. His song â€Å"I Just Called to Say I Love You† struck me for Stevie’s great singing ability and skill as an instrumentalist and lyricist. At about 13, I began to like the music that my friends liked. In 1987, I remember Guns N’ Roses’ â€Å"Welcome to the Jungle† being extremely popular, along with U2’s â€Å"With or Without You†. Listening to this music helped me feel connected with others, just like the children’s music of the 1970s had the decade before. Nevertheless, this new style of rock music that was emerging did give me an element of rebelliousness that pop music from singers like Whitney Houston and Rick Astley lacked. Accordingly, I tended to like the heavier rock more. My taste for heavy rock continued in that direction for much of the remainder of the 1980s. I bought tape cassettes from Quiet Riot, Def Leppard, and Whitesnake, all of whom really represented the youth of that time. In line with Billy Joel’s insight, I think the music I listened to helped give me a point of contact with other young people at that time. Moving away from the 1980s and toward today, I no longer associate hard rock or metal with comfort. Rather, I find comfort in contemporary R&B music. â€Å"R&B† stands for â€Å"rhythm and blues†, and refers to music that combines elements of hip-hop, soul, and funk (George, 2003, p. 23). Contemporary R&B is polished with saxophone sounds, drum machine rhythms, and talented vocalists. In terms of finding comfort in music, I usually turn to voices like Alicia Keys, Mariah Carey, and Jamie Foxx, who all represent that genre of music. When I am feeling disappointment or stress, this music helps me put my problems into perspective. Because much R&B music deals with grander problems, it helps me realize that some of the challenges I face do not compare in size and scope with those being sung about in R&B music.

The Loyalists and Their Arrival Essay Example for Free

The Loyalists and Their Arrival Essay Who were the Loyalists and what is significant about their arrival? British North America’s demographics changed when the Loyalists arrived. The English-speaking claimed for agricultural land and population increased. They strongly asked for a sufficient extent of democratic rights. A Loyalist is a person who remained faithful and supported British during the American Revolution. They migrated to Britain North America to live under their British regulations. Some found life painful and unbearable in the United States because rebels persecute anyone who had not sustained the rebel cause. Many of these Loyalists’ families travelled with them because there were no limits and they were free to make family decisions at that time. The following paragraphs are more detailed information about the arrival of the Loyalists and who they are. When Loyalists arrived, British North America’s demographics had changed. The English-speaking loyalists increased and grew about a percent of the population in Quebec. Most significantly, they hoped and claimed democratic rights where many people viewed fundamental. English and French were the two dominant groups in a colony that the Constitutional Act acknowledged. Upper Canada and Lower Canada were created by Carleton to give back the reality that they had different religious, political, legal outlooks and had different economic and land owning traditions. Each colony would have its own capital city and a Governor General appointed by Britain who would manage its governance of colonies. Most Canadians lived in agreement with the more traditional and tending to preserve the status quo of the Roman Catholic Church. Loyalists are the people who remained loyal to British. They live in a North American society where there are mixed of rich and poor people, young and old, male and female, and European, African and First Nations. Resulting the American Revolution of 1776, individuals who had supported Britain were persecuted, lost their properties and generally their lives. The Loyalists who has survived fled to areas of British protection and those who had fought with the British joined the exodus. The first legal British settlement in Canada took place in Western Quebec, which is now the eastern Ontario. A few loyalists were playing safe such as Mennonites who would not want to fight. Rebels impartiality had been as good as a declaration of Loyalty to Britain. Whoever attempted to fight them was persecuted. Free lands were being offered to the loyalists. The loyalists who were rich brought their possessions with them but most of them only brought the things they can carry. A land has been promised to them but they mostly have to wait years to claim it because the promise had drawbacks. Furthermore, most loyalists did not find their homes even roads or services when they arrived at their grant. Some of them had to be farmers and pioneers but some found it way to hard so they had to go back to United States or Britain. Many of the loyalists remained alive on their first years by the help of their neighbors. Some shared their stores of corn in winter, 1794. They think others first and help one recover with their sicknesses or childbirths. United Empire Loyalists were the people who remained faithful to Britain. Not everyone in the colonies assisted the move when Americas original Thirteen Colonies went to war with Britain over arguments to unwanted taxes. Those who were against the revolution became known as Loyalists since they remained loyal to the British but they were persecuted, did not want to vote, sold land, and bring legal charges against debtors. Britain recognized the independence of the United States as they signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Almost one-third of the 250,000 colonists who had remained loyal to Britain fled to other British Possessions. About 35,000 traveled north to what was then British North America with the most settling originally in the Maritimes. An estimated 10,000 Loyalists settled in Quebec. In June 1784, many of these loyalists’ families were provided, put aboard boat and sent up the St. Lawrence River to what became known as the Royal Townships. Here they cleared land and established themselves on farms. More lasting significance to Loyalists and their descendants was the governments recognition of the stand that they had taken. Realizing the importance, on November 9, 1789, Lord Dorchester, Quebec’s governor, declared that it was his wish to put the mark of Honour upon the Families who had obeyed to the Unity of the Empire. First Nations people came from the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois. Many people from Tuscarora and Oneida joined the rebels and many people from Kanienkehaka, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca fought next to the British. First Nations were fighting for their neighbors’ survival and their arena were their homelands. The confederacy’s associates stayed cool at the beginning of the war. By the encouragement of the two brothers, Konwatsi’tsiaieeni and Thayendanega they decided to enter the war in 1777. These two leaders were find guilty that helping Britain was their people’s only desire to keep the territory in the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes. Unfortunately, the British before had tricked the First Nation at the transacting table. Even though they were loyal and helped provide the things needed in the war, they were ignored in the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Black Loyalists were the larges group of people of African Birth and descent to arrive to Nova Scotia between 1783 and 1785. They started finding a neighboring town in early May 1783. They were slaves who ran away to find protection under the British and who served the loyalist cause. Slaves were not allowed to vote many congregate or move freely By their dignity and independence in a word of equal citizenship under the British monarchy they arrived on the shores of Shelburne Harbor. Throughout the American War of Independence, the Britain supported the slaves to escape their owners to join the British army and destroy the American Economy. Thousands of slaves accepted the freedom and the land the British governor had promised to them by engaging with them. After the war, many of these black loyalists went to Nova Scotia from New York but some came to British North America to continue serving their loyalists’ owners. The British were harassed with major difficulties in fighting the war. They had no major allies compared to the Americans. They only had troops provided by small German states to assist the force of the British Army in North America. The British Army started the war with only less than 48,000 strong worldwide and experience hardships building up or recruiting soldier. By 1778, the army forgave the criminals for military service and had extended the age limit for service from 16 to 50. Although its officer and non-commissioned officer corps were somewhat professional and experienced, this professionalism was weakened because rich officers who have lack of military experience could purchase commissions and promotions. As a consequence, unskilled officers sometimes found their way into positions of high responsibility. To sum it all up, A Loyalist is a person who remained faithful and supported British during the American Revolution. They live in a North American society. Their arrival changed the British North America’s demographics by growing its population and requests for agricultural land. These loyalists came from different races and descents. They are the United Empire Loyalists, First Nations Loyalists and African American or Black Loyalists. They remained faithful even though in the end Britain had betrayed them.

elijah mccoy and lloyd war :: essays research papers

Idols, everyone needs them or at least just someone to look up to and admire. People need something to look forward to, aspire towards some kind of goal – basically ambition. For Minorities, specifically African Americans in engineering, role models in the engineering field aren’t glorified. It is not because people feel they are unimportant it is because they just haven’t been informed. For example many people know the clichà © The Real McCoy but they don’t know where it comes from; or why it has the connotations it does. Truth is McCoy was an African American mechanical engineer whose parents were runaway slaves in the early 20th century. It almost sounds like an oxymoron, a black engineer at a time when blacks weren’t even allowed to go to certain schools or sit at certain bars. However we still use that famous coined phrase and don’t realize the significance involved in its origins. Present day role models are also important, our histor y is one thing, but it is more conceivable when it can be seen in real life. Conceivable meaning easier to understand and recognize the potential opportunities this individual created. Lloyd Ward only the second African American to become a CEO of a major company. The thing about Ward is his willingness to succeed and ability to do so in untraditional fashion. Ward is also a mechanical engineer whose background is almost as unbelievable as his rise to the top. This report is about two of the greatest men who have ever lived; their accomplishments should be viewed as goals that we all can value and maybe one day copy. First a historical look at one of the most prolific and ingenious engineers of all time – who never stopped working and fulfilling his dreams. Elijah McCoy (1844-1929) was an American inventor born in Colchester, Ontario, Canada, to parents who had escaped from slavery in Kentucky in 1837. McCoy was best known for his inventions of devices used to lubricate heavy machinery automatically. McCoy went to Edinburgh, Scotland, at age 15 and studied mechanical engineering for five years. When he came home he became a railroad fireman on the Michigan State Railroad. Back then steam locomotives had to stop at intervals so that the fireman could oil their pistons, levers, and connecting pins. About 1870, while living in the town of Ypsilanti, Michigan, McCoy began to experiment with automatic lubricators for steam engines.

Dow Chemicals

The case is about Dow Chemicals’ bid for the privatization of Petroquimica Bahia Blanca (PBB). PBB, a producer of both Ethylene and Polyethylene in Argentina, is being privatized by the local government. Dow holds a leading market position in Ethylene and Polyethylene, and wants to utilize this opportunity to expand into Argentina. Dow has developed a three-stage operational strategy for expansion of its polyethylene operations in Argentina.The acquisition of PBB represents the first stage of the strategy and provides a gateway to the second and third stage. The cash flows from each stage of the project have been valued using the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach. The discount rate for the valuation has been adjusted for the country risk premium, and a modified version of CAPM has been used to calculate a best case and a worst case estimate of the discount rate. This gives us a range of possible acquisition values for PBB.Given that the acquisition also enables Dow to benefi t from the from the high cash flows of the second and third stage of the project and that other parties are also interested in the acquisition, it is recommended that Dow bids a relatively high price of $280 million for PBB. Below is a free essay on â€Å"Dow Chemical’s Bid For The Privatization Of Pbb In† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Dow Chemical’s Bid for the Privatization of PBB in Argentina Executive summary Dow Chemical Company is considering acquiring 51% stake in Petroquimica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB) offered by the Government of Argentina. Acquiring PBB is the first stage of Dow’s project of expanding petrochemical business in the country. Dow is required to estimate how much it would offer to meet the requirements of the Argentinean State, overbid competitors but at the same time make the project profitable. The company should also take into account the country risk of Argentina because it is an emerging market with problems with exchange rates stability and freedom of capital repatriation. Dow should offer at least[1] $248. 7 million for PBB. Calculating of resent value of the project allows for increasing the cost of capital (15%) in comparison with similar projects in US (8-10%). The bid will meet all government requirements:       – Price is bigger than $150 million, – Dow currently has enough cash to accomplish the acquisition and offer the guaranty in favor of the Government,       – Net assets of the company are sufficient. The acquisition will allow expanding profitable business in Latin America and increasing attractiveness of the company among investors. The two current competitors of Dow for this acquisition (Perez Companc S. A. nd Copesul) don’t currently meet the requirements of the bid because of the insufficient amount of net worth ($1. 54 billion combined). It’s only 10 days left to offer price. If it is clea r that there won’t be any other bidders except for Dow and the two mentioned companies that don’t have enough time to come through all legal procedures to create new company and attract a partner with big net worth, Dow is advised to offer $150 for PBB making the NPV of the project bigger by $98. 7 million. Summary of facts: During the 1990s, the economy of Argentina started to recover after Carlos Menem took power†¦

Evaluate a Significant Experience, Achievement, Risk You Have Taken, or Ethical Dilemma You Have Faced and Its Impact on You.

â€Å"Time is money†, a truth touted by all. Parents remind their kids of it, teachers preach to their students about it, society reinforces it with wages being paid by the hour; everything we do, every purpose we have, every goal we strive for, every moments we live by, it is what all for. So simply, that we are told thousands of times. But do we believe it live we believe the existence of life itself? Can we see it as we see everything crystal clear around ourselves?It was not too long ago that I went to an optometrist to have my eyes examined. I set aside the entire day, believing that I would leave the exam with dilated pupils and that like last time, I'd not be seeing properly for a solid three hours, three hours that I would never have returned to me. However, unbeknownst to me, in the time between my previous eye exams, a new machine had been developed. This machine called the Optomap Panoramic Retinal Imaging System, and on that day, it stood in the corner of a room an d hummed sonorously.Casting it aside as a non-contact tonometer, I sat down and instinctively braced myself for air puffing, bright lights and minor discomfort or in other words, an eye exam. Passing through the tests in mere minutes, the dreaded moment of pupil dilation was to rear its unwanted head in. However, much to my surprise, I was directed to the corner where the previously sonorous hum now bordered ominous. The doctor proceeded to ask if I would like to use the humming Optomap in lieu of pupil dilation.I asked apprehensively if this would be a simpler procedure and was given an enthusiastic nod in return. Against my better judgment, I allowed for the optometrist to take images of the retina through the Optomap. Amazingly, it was mere seconds per eye and my exam was finished. This machine which at first appeared almost ominous had saved me three hours of my time. I had been by some miracle, reunited with the three hours that I thought I would never be seeing. The feeling I had afterwards was nothing short of euphoria.On top of this feeling of elatedness because time is equivalent to money, by the application of the substitution property of equality it can also be said that this machine, the Optomap, saved me money as well. It was from that moment, I felt that every person and ever time consuming medical procedure could benefit from the effects of advanced technology made available by bridging the gap between the various principles of engineering to the world of medicine. It is this experience, a simple visit to the optometrist for an eye exam that I consider one of the most significant of my life.

10 Awesome Resume Tips From The People of Reddit

10 Awesome Resume Tips From The People of Reddit Depending on what you’re visiting the site to find, Reddit can be†¦a mixed bag. The best part of Reddit: anyone can weigh in on any topic. The worst part of Reddit: anyone can weigh in on any topic. That means you get great information and advice mixed in with people who don’t know what they’re talking about, or are just there to stir up problems. If you’re looking for resume tips, we’ve reviewed some of the burning questions on /r/resumes, and found some awesome advice there. Let’s look at some of the greatest hits: 1. How can I make my resume pop?Three words: simplify, simplify, simplify. Making your resume easy to read (set headers, brief explanations, clear bullet points) can help get you in the â€Å"to interview† pile and out of the â€Å"tl;dr† pile.2. What should I include in a resume when I’ve never had a job before?This Redditor suggests emphasizing academic accomplishments (GPA, relevant classes, degree), volunteering experience (after all, it is experience), and technical skills.3. How do I list multiple positions at the same company?If the jobs were dramatically different, you can separate them out and treat them like separate jobs. If they’re similar positions, concentrate more on the top-line accomplishments and skills.4. Should I include a cover letter even when it’s not requested?This Redditor recommends going for it. It’s a way to give more information about yourself, and can help you stand out in a very crowded applicant pool.5. Should I use a traditional resume format or a creative one?It can be tempting to want to use a fun new format, but realistically, traditional is best. The creativity points you score for using something unorthodox might be canceled out by the disruption to the reader’s usual evaluation process.6. All of my experience so far is from working at my family’s business- will this help or hurt?Basically, experience is exper ience, and as long as you have the skills and experience you need for the new job, you should be good to go.7. I have 20 years of experience. Should I do a two-pager?Not if you can help it. If you can, condense the most important highlights into one resume page. The one-page rule is about readability and the reader, not about the writer’s experience.8. How do I list colleges when I didn’t graduate?This can be tricky- people don’t graduate for a variety of reasons, but you still want to include that you attended college on your resume. Try using words like â€Å"attended,† or â€Å"took X credits toward a Bachelor’s degree.† Just don’t suggest that you have a specific degree if you don’t, because that can land you in very hot water. Spin is okay. Lying isn’t.9. In this digital age, do I still need to include my physical address in the header?Short answer: yes. It’s tradition, but it also might be a factor for resum e scanning programs to see whether candidates are local.10. Do I mention why I quit my last job?One Redditor puts it very succinctly: â€Å"First you get the date, then you tell them you’re divorced.† You don’t want to set off any red flags before you even get an interview. It’s fine to keep it vague in a resume or cover letter, though you should be prepared to talk about it in an interview if necessary. (And always, always keep it opinion-neutral. An interview for a new job is not a venting exercise for the last one.)

Bessie Coleman Biography

Bessie Coleman Biography Born: January 26, 1892 Atlanta, Texas Died: May 1, 1926 Jacksonville, Florida African American aviator Bessie Coleman was the first African American to earn an international pilots license. She dazzled crowds with her stunts at air shows and refused to be slowed by racism (a dislike or disrespect of a person based on their race). Early life Bessie Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, in a one-room, dirt-floored cabin in Atlanta, Texas, to George and Susan Coleman, the illiterate (unable to read and write) children of slaves. When Bessie was two years old, her father, a day laborer, moved his family to Waxahachie, Texas, where he bought a quarter-acre of land and built a three-room house in which two more daughters were born. In 1901 George Coleman left his family. Bessies mother and two older brothers went to work and Bessie was left as caretaker of her two younger sisters. Education for Coleman was limited to eight grades in a one-room schoolhouse that closed whenever the students were needed in the fields to help their families harvest cotton. Coleman easily established her position as family leader, reading aloud to her siblings and her mother at night. She often assured her ambitious church-going mother that she intended to amount to something. After completing school she worked as a laundress and saved her pay until 1910 when she left for Oklahoma to attend Langston University. She left after one year when she ran out of money. Back in Waxahachie Coleman again worked as a laundress until 1915, when she moved to Chicago, Illinois, to live with her older brother, Walter. Within months she became a manicurist and moved to a place of her own while continuing to seek—and finally, in 1920, to find—a goal for her life: to become a pilot. Learning to fly After befriending several leaders in South Side Chicagos African American community, Coleman found a sponsor in Robert Abbott (1868–1940), publisher of the nations largest African American weekly, the Chicago Defender. There were no African American aviators (pilots) in the area and, when no white pilot was willing to teach her to fly, Coleman turned to Abbott, who suggested that she go to France. The French, he insisted, were not racists and were the worlds leaders in aviation. Coleman left for France late in 1920. There she completed flight training at the best school in France and was awarded her Fà ©dà ©ration Aà ©ronautique Internationale (F.A.I.; international pilots license) license on June 15, 1921. She traveled Europe, gaining further flying experience so that she could perform in air shows. Her mission Back in New York in August 1922, Coleman outlined the goals for the remainder of Bessie Coleman. Reproduced by permission of the Corbis Corporation her life to reporters. She would be a leader, she said, in introducing aviation to her race. She would found a school for aviators of any race, and she would appear before audiences in churches, schools, and theaters to spark the interest of African Americans in the new, expanding technology of flight. Intelligent, beautiful, and well spoken, Coleman often exaggerated her already remarkable accomplishments in the interest of better publicity and bigger audiences. As a result, the African American press of the country, primarily weekly newspapers, quickly proclaimed her Queen Bess. In 1923 Coleman purchased a small plane but crashed on the way to her first scheduled West Coast air show. The plane was destroyed and Coleman suffered injuries that hospitalized her for three months. Returning to Chicago to recover, it took her another eighteen months to find financial backers for a series of shows in Texas. Her flights and theater appearances there during the summer of 1925 were highly successful, earning her enough to make a down payment on another plane. Her new fame was also bringing in steady work. At last, she wrote to one of her sisters, she was going to be able to earn enough money to open her school for fliers. A tragic ending Coleman left Orlando, Florida, by train to give a benefit exhibition for the Jacksonville Negro Welfare League, scheduled for May 1, 1926. Her pilot, William D. Wills, flew her plane into Orlando, but had to make three forced landings because the plane was so worn and poorly maintained. On April 30, 1926, Wills piloted the plane on a trial flight while Coleman sat in the other cockpit to survey the area over which she was to fly and parachute jump the next day. Her seat belt was unattached because she had to lean out over the edge of the plane while picking the best sites for her program. At an altitude of 1,000 feet, the plane dived, then flipped over, throwing Coleman out. Moments later Wills crashed. Both were killed. Coleman had three memorial services—in Jacksonville, Orlando, and Chicago, the last attended by thousands. She was buried at Chicagos Lincoln Cemetery and gradually, over the years following her death, achieved recognition at last as a hero of early aviation.

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalization of innovation Essay

Discuss the role of multinationals in the globalization of innovation - Essay Example They eventually stand as essential driving forces that trigger the need to change and pursue innovation. Globalization of innovation is a very important aspect in today’s global economy. Today, it has become the forefront of the success of every economy as it centers on exploitation of technology and technological collaboration (Archibugi and Iammarino 317; Nam and Barnett 1471). This is evident on how developing countries have positively adopted technological innovation from developed countries (Nam and Barnett 1471). Considering the point that developing countries are not hesitant to adopt technological innovations, they have become involved as the centre point of globalization of innovation. Multinationals therefore have great ideas on the versatility of developing countries to consider their technologies, which in the end has been moving forward to innovation as many key players compete for a global goal. For this reason, as multinationals try to expand, exporting, foreign ownership, outsourcing and community resilience have become crucial considerations of productivity (Zhang and Smith 310; Wilson 1218). In this case, wages for instance have strong link up with productivity, exporting and foreign ownership - the very important issues associated with foreign direct investment. This is the most basic from the start. The international firms would want to invest in production or business overseas for them to expand their territory and avail of some other economic advantages (Gomory and Baumol 540; Sato and Fukushige 62). Let us take the case of those companies trying to invest in China for them to avail of the country’s resources such as the work force and its associated lower cost. There are specific inputs that are necessary in the creation of product or service offerings. They have linked up costs. A company producing products that are too expensive because of the associated cost in the value chain may experience